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Sex‐specific patterns of fuelling and pre‐breeding body moult of Little Stints Calidris minuta in South Africa
IBIS ( IF 2.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-26 , DOI: 10.1111/ibi.12840
Aleksandra E. Mazur 1 , Magdalena Remisiewicz 1, 2 , Leslie G. Underhill 2, 3
Affiliation  

The timing and duration of each stage of the life of a long‐distance migrant bird are constrained by time and resources. If the parental roles of males and females differ, the timing of other life stages, such as moult or pre‐migratory fuelling, may also differ between the sexes. Little is known about sexual differences for species with weak sexual dimorphism, but DNA‐sexing enables fresh insights. The Little Stint Calidris minuta is a monomorphic long‐distance migrant wader breeding in the Arctic tundra. Males compete for territories and perform elaborate aerial displays. Females produce two clutches a season. Each sex may be a bigamist and incubate one nest a season, each with a different partner. We expect that these differences in breeding behaviour entail different preparations for breeding by males and females, so we aimed to determine whether Little Stints showed any sex differences in their strategies for pre‐breeding moult and pre‐migratory fuelling at their non‐breeding grounds in South Africa. We used body moult records, wing length and body mass of 241 DNA‐sexed Little Stints that we caught and ringed between 27 January and 29 April in 2008–2018 at two neighbouring wetlands in North West Province, South Africa. For each individual we assessed the percentage of breeding plumage on its upperparts and took blood samples for DNA‐sexing. We calculated an adjusted Body Moult Index and an adjusted Wing Coverts Moult Index, then used the Underhill–Zucchini moult model to estimate the start dates and the rate of body moult in males and females. We estimated the changes in the sex ratio of the local population during their stay in South Africa, and also estimated the timing and rate of pre‐migratory fuelling and the potential flight ranges for males and females. The males started body moult on average on 7 February and the females on 12 February, but the sexes did not differ in their timing of wing covert moult, which started on average on 10 February. In January to mid‐February, males constituted c. 57% of the population, but their proportion declined afterwards, indicating an earlier departure than females. We estimated that both sexes began pre‐migratory fuelling on average on 15 March. The sexes did not differ in fuelling rate, but most females stayed at the non‐breeding site longer than the males, and thus accumulated more fuel and had longer potential flight ranges. These patterns of moult and fuelling suggest sex differences in preparations for breeding. We suggest that the males depart from South Africa earlier but with smaller fuel loads than the females to establish breeding territories before the females arrive. We conclude that for each sex the observed trade‐offs between fuelling and moult at the non‐breeding grounds are precursors to different migration strategies, which in turn are adaptations for their different roles in reproductive behaviour.

中文翻译:

南非小站Calidris minuta加油和繁殖前体蜕的性别特定模式

长途迁徙鸟类生命各个阶段的时间和持续时间受时间和资源的限制。如果男性和女性的父母角色不同,则其他生活阶段的时间(如换毛或迁徙前加油)在两性之间也可能有所不同。对于具有弱性二态性的物种的性别差异知之甚少,但是DNA性别化可以提供新的见识。Little Stint Calidris minuta是北极苔原上的单态长距离迁徙涉禽繁殖。雄性争夺领土并进行精心的空中表演。雌性一个季节生产两个离合器。每种性别都可能是重婚主义者,每个季节与一个不同的伴侣孵化一个巢。我们希望这些育种行为的差异需要为雄性和雌性进行不同的育种准备,因此,我们旨在确定Little Stints是否在其非育种场的换种和移居前加油策略中显示出性别差异。南非。我们使用了2008-2018年1月27日至4月29日期间在南非西北省的两个相邻湿地捕获并响起的241个DNA性别小斑点的体蜕记录,翼长和体重。我们评估了每个个体上部的繁殖羽毛的百分比,并采集了血液样本进行DNA性别分析。我们计算了调整后的人体蜕皮指数和机翼隐蔽羽绒蜕皮指数,然后使用Underhill-Zucchini羽绒蜕皮模型估计了男性和女性的蜕皮开始日期和比率。我们估计了当地居民在南非逗留期间性别比例的变化,还估计了移民前加油的时间和比例以及男性和女性的潜在飞行距离。男性平均在2月7日开始换羽,女性在2月12日开始换羽,但两翼的秘密换羽的时间没有差异,平均从2月10日开始。1月至2月中旬,男性占 然后使用Underhill-Zucchini换毛模型来估计男性和女性的开始日期和身体换毛的比率。我们估计了当地居民在南非逗留期间性别比例的变化,还估计了移民前加油的时间和比例以及男性和女性的潜在飞行距离。男性平均在2月7日开始换羽,女性在2月12日开始换羽,但两翼的秘密换羽的时间没有差异,平均从2月10日开始。1月至2月中旬,男性占 然后使用Underhill-Zucchini换毛模型来估计男性和女性的开始日期和身体换毛的比率。我们估计了当地居民在南非逗留期间性别比例的变化,还估计了移民前加油的时间和比例以及男性和女性的潜在飞行距离。男性平均在2月7日开始换羽,女性在2月12日开始换羽,但两翼的秘密换羽的时间没有差异,平均从2月10日开始。1月至2月中旬,男性占 并估计了移徙前加油的时间和速度,以及男性和女性的潜在飞行距离。男性平均在2月7日开始换羽,女性在2月12日开始换羽,但两翼的秘密换羽的时间没有差异,平均从2月10日开始。1月至2月中旬,男性占 并估计了移徙前加油的时间和速度,以及男性和女性的潜在飞行距离。男性平均在2月7日开始换羽,女性在2月12日开始换羽,但两翼的秘密换羽的时间没有差异,平均从2月10日开始。1月至2月中旬,男性占C。人口占总人口的57%,但此后比例下降,这表明离境要比女性早。我们估计,男女平均在3月15日开始移民前加油。性别的加油率没有差异,但是大多数雌性在非繁殖场所的停留时间比雄性长,因此积累了更多的燃料,并且潜在的飞行距离更长。这些换羽和加油的模式暗示了繁殖准备中的性别差异。我们建议雄性比南非更早地离开南非,但燃料装载量比雌性小,以便在雌性到达之前建立繁殖区。我们得出的结论是,对于每种性别,在非繁殖场所观察到的加油和换毛之间的权衡是不同迁移策略的先驱,
更新日期:2020-04-26
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