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Night conditions affect morning incubation behaviour differently across a latitudinal gradient
IBIS ( IF 2.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-03 , DOI: 10.1111/ibi.12804
Andreas Nord 1, 2 , Caren B. Cooper 3
Affiliation  

Intermittently incubating birds alternate between sessions of egg warming and recesses for foraging during the day, but stay on the nest continuously at night. Hence, energy costs of nocturnal incubation (which increase during longer and colder nights) cannot be replenished until the next day. Night conditions might therefore be expected to affect morning incubation behaviour the day after. We tested this prediction by exploring latitudinal and seasonal trends in characteristics of the first recess in Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis over a 1400‐km latitudinal gradient in the continental USA. The time from civil dawn to leaving the nest (latency) increased with latitude early in the breeding season but decreased with latitude late in the season. Birds breeding at higher latitudes also took longer first recesses throughout the season, which led to a larger drop in nest temperature. At the local scale, birds rose earlier after longer nights if the night was also cold, but night length did not predict latency following warm nights. The first recess was longer if the night was warmer, probably because birds could replenish reserves at lower risk of low egg temperature. Our study shows that characteristics of the night led to behavioural changes in features of early morning incubation that were evident at both continental and local scales. These responses also affected nest temperature. Hence, night conditions carry over to incubation behaviour the following morning, which in turn may impose thermal constraints on embryonic development.

中文翻译:

夜间条件在横向梯度上对早晨孵化行为的影响不同

间歇性孵化的鸟类在白天的变暖过程和白天的觅食间隔之间交替进行,但在夜间则连续停留在巢中。因此,夜间孵化的能量成本(在更长或更冷的夜晚会增加)要到第二天才能补充。因此,预计夜晚的状况会在第二天影响早晨的孵化行为。我们通过探索东部蓝鸟Sialia sialis的第一个凹陷的特征的纬度和季节趋势来检验了这一预测在美国大陆的1400 km纬度梯度上。在繁殖季节初期,从民初到巢的时间(潜伏期)随纬度增加,而在季节后期随纬度减少。在整个季节中,高纬度地区的鸟类繁殖也需要更长的第一窝时间,这导致巢温下降幅度更大。在当地范围内,如果夜晚也很冷,则在更长的夜晚之后鸟类会早起,但是夜晚的长度不能预测温暖的夜晚之后的潜伏期。如果夜晚变暖,则第一次休息时间会更长,这可能是因为禽类可以以较低的蛋温降低风险来补充储备。我们的研究表明,夜晚的特征导致清晨孵化特征的行为发生变化,这在大陆和本地范围内都很明显。这些反应也影响巢温度。因此,夜间条件会延续到第二天早上的孵化行为,这反过来可能会限制胚胎发育的温度。
更新日期:2020-01-03
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