Naturally occurring gaseous by-products of ruminant production-carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O)-can negatively affect the environment. Along with enteric fermentation, manure on pasture is among the most significant contributors to non-CO2 emissions. Condensed tannins, a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds, can alter the route of nutrient excretion and interact with microbes, suggesting they are a plausible feed additive for reducing excreta gas emissions. We evaluated how quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) tannin extract fed at 0, 15, 30, and 45 g kg-1 of dry matter (DM) within a roughage-based diet affected fecal gas emissions at multiple locations (College Station and Stephenville, TX) during two periods corresponding to winter and spring. During both periods, CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O fluxes were determined using the vented-static chamber methodology over 39 d, and cumulative emissions were calculated. A random coefficients model with animal nested within dietary treatment and period as the random factor was analyzed by location due to the presence of collinearity with soil parameters within periods. Daily CO2 flux was influenced by soil moisture and temperature (r = .34; P < .01), whereas CH4 and N2 O were associated with soil moisture. Cumulative gas production confirmed a dietary effect for CO2 and gross CO2 equivalent at the College Station site (P ≤ .001), demonstrating a linear reduction as quebracho inclusion increased. Variance partitioning indicated that dietary treatment and seasonal period likely influenced animal digestive and metabolic parameters. Within specific environments, quebracho supplementation may assist in reducing fecal gas emissions.

中文翻译：

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Quebracho ( Schinopsis balansae ) 浓缩单宁提取物饲喂给阉牛对季节性粪便气体通量的影响

反刍动物生产过程中自然产生的气态副产品——二氧化碳 (CO2)、甲烷 (CH4) 和一氧化二氮 (N2O)——会对环境产生负面影响。与肠道发酵一样，牧场上的粪便也是非二氧化碳排放的最重要贡献者之一。缩合单宁是一组天然存在的酚类化合物，可以改变营养物质的排泄途径并与微生物相互作用，表明它们是一种合理的饲料添加剂，可减少排泄物气体排放。我们评估了在以粗饲料为基础的饮食中以 0、15、30 和 45 g kg-1 干物质 (DM) 喂养的 quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) 单宁提取物如何影响多个地点（大学站和斯蒂芬维尔，德克萨斯州）的粪便气体排放) 在对应于冬季和春季的两个时期。在这两个时期，CO2、CH4、和 N2 O 通量使用通风静态室方法测定 39 天，并计算累积排放量。由于与时期内土壤参数存在共线性，因此按位置分析了以饮食处理和时期内嵌套的动物作为随机因素的随机系数模型。每日 CO2 通量受土壤水分和温度的影响 (r = .34; P < .01)，而 CH4 和 N2 O 与土壤水分有关。累积产气量证实了大学站站点的 CO2 和总 CO2 当量的饮食效应 (P ≤ .001)，表明随着 quebracho 内含物的增加而线性减少。方差划分表明日粮处理和季节性周期可能会影响动物的消化和代谢参数。在特定环境中，