We examine the current problems of Lake Baikal level regulation. A comparative analysis is made of the changes in the lake level, the range of its fluctuations and in the intra-annual amplitude for the 120-year-long period of observations in natural and regulated conditions. The period 2014–2017 with an extremely low water level is analyzed. It is pointed out that the inconsistency between existing legislation and the water resource management system within the Baikal and Angara drainage basins has also contributed to the decline in sustainability of the water economy, along with the climatic factors. It was found that while generally quite well complying with the requirements of water users and water consumers in conditions of normal and almost normal water availability, it cannot meet the regulatory needs and restrictions in periods of extreme water availability. The risks and contradictions in the regulation of the Lake Baikal water level in low- and high-water years are considered. Quantitative assessments are made of the possible maximum levels in Lake Baikal during floods for different restrictions of water flow in the downstream water. The estimates of expected areas of flooding are given. It is pointed out that along with water management and socio-economic risks, climatic and environmental factors should also be taken into account in the lake level regulation. An analysis is made of the environmental requirements which were taken into account when setting the limited meter range of Lake Baikal level regulation (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 3.26.2001 No. 234). There is an inconsistency in these requirements and, in some cases, the impossibility of meeting them. Quantitative assessments are made of the implications of the re-enforcement of Decree No. 234 on January 1, 2021. It is shown that the enforcement of this decree in full necessarily involves violating the requirements of water users. The years of elevated water levels are necessarily accompanied by flooding of the city of Irkutsk. It is suggested that the “social” option of regulating the level of Lake Baikal water level regulation be used in order to avoid infringement of existing legislation and flooding by the downstream water. Special research work should be done to determine a reasonable range of Lake Baikal water level regulation having regard to the current environmental and socio-economic factors.

中文翻译：

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贝加尔湖水位制度：问题与矛盾

我们研究了当前贝加尔湖水位调节的问题。对比分析了120年自然和调节条件下观测的湖泊水位变化、波动幅度和年内波幅。分析了 2014-2017 年水位极低的时期。指出，现有立法与贝加尔湖和安加拉流域内的水资源管理系统之间的不一致也导致了水经济可持续性以及气候因素的下降。结果表明，虽然在正常和几乎正常的可用水条件下总体上很好地满足了用水者和用水者的要求，它无法满足极端水资源供应时期的监管需求和限制。考虑了低水年和高水年调节贝加尔湖水位的风险和矛盾。对洪水期间贝加尔湖可能的最高水位进行了定量评估，以适应下游水流的不同限制。给出了预计洪水区域的估计值。指出除了水管理和社会经济风险外，湖泊水位调节还应考虑气候和环境因素。分析了在设定贝加尔湖水位规定的有限计量范围时考虑的环境要求（俄罗斯联邦政府 3.26.2001 第 234 号法令）。这些要求不一致，在某些情况下，不可能满足这些要求。对 2021 年 1 月 1 日重新执行第 234 号法令的影响进行了定量评估。结果表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。在某些情况下，不可能满足他们。对 2021 年 1 月 1 日重新执行第 234 号法令的影响进行了定量评估。结果表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。在某些情况下，不可能满足他们。对 2021 年 1 月 1 日重新执行第 234 号法令的影响进行了定量评估。结果表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。对 2021 年 1 月 1 日重新执行第 234 号法令的影响进行了定量评估。结果表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。对 2021 年 1 月 1 日重新执行第 234 号法令的影响进行了定量评估。结果表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。事实表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。事实表明，全面执行该法令必然涉及违反用水者的要求。多年来水位升高必然伴随着伊尔库茨克市的洪水泛滥。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。建议使用调节贝加尔湖水位调节水平的“社会”选项，以避免违反现有立法和下游水体泛滥。应开展专项研究工作，结合当前环境和社会经济因素，确定合理的贝加尔湖水位调节范围。