Abstract

The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the European part of the arid belt of the Russian Federation, in which the desertification of a significant part (up to 80%) of its territory is a serious environmental and socioeconomic problem. Thus, of the 6 264 000 ha of agricultural land, 77.9% are subject to various types of degradation, of which 93 960 ha are waterlogged, 526 180 ha are eroded, 1 753 920 ha are deflated, and 2 505 600 ha are saline. The highest deflationary degradation indices are observed in the southeastern regions of Kalmykia (DI_d 31.7–71.1 points), which is due to natural (increased aridity of the climate) and anthropogenic (excessive pasture load) factors. A conceptual model that reflects the mechanism of reclamation impact on degradation processes occurring on agricultural land under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors has been developed. An agrobiological method for the phytomelioration of degraded lands on open sand massifs is proposed, including the planting of Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke, Leymus racemosus Lam. Tzvel. Bassia prostrata (L.) A.J. Scott, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst., and Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) P. Beav. Complexes of land reclamation measures that are differentiated for various categories of agricultural land have been developed to ensure the creation of optimal conditions to increase the natural resource potential of arid ecosystems and to prevent the desertification of the territories, to level the complexity of the soil cover, and to reduce the natural and anthropogenic salinity, salinity, and the risk of other negative processes.

中文翻译：

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卡尔梅克共和国的土地退化：问题和开垦方法

摘要

卡尔梅克共和国位于俄罗斯联邦干旱带的欧洲部分，其大部分地区（高达80％）的沙漠化是一个严重的环境和社会经济问题。因此，在626.4万公顷的农业用地中，有77.9％遭受了各种类型的退化，其中93,960公顷遭受了涝灾，526,180公顷受到侵蚀，175,920.20公顷被放气，2 505,600公顷被盐渍化。在卡尔梅克州的东南部地区观察到最高的通缩退化指数（DI _d31.7–71.1分），这是由于自然（气候干旱增加）和人为因素（牧场负荷过多）造成的。已经建立了一个概念模型，该模型反映了开垦对自然和人为因素影响下农田退化过程的影响机制。提出了一种在裸露的沙地块上对退化土地进行植物除草的农业生物学方法，包括种植Calligonum aphyllum（Pall。）Gurke，Leymus racemosus Lam。茨维尔 木地肤（L.）AJ斯科特，Krascheninnikovia驼绒（L.）Gueldenst。，和冰叶菊（会）P。Beav。为了确保创造最佳条件，以增加干旱生态系统的自然资源潜力并防止领土荒漠化，从而改善土壤覆盖的复杂性，已开发出针对不同类别的农业用地而异的土地开垦措施的综合体，并降低自然和人为的盐度，盐度以及其他负面过程的风险。