Movement disorders are typically perceived as being gradually progressive conditions that are managed in outpatient settings. However, they may manifest de novo with an acute severe phenotype or an acute decompensation. A movement disorder becomes an emergency when it evolves acutely or subacutely over hours to days; delays in its diagnosis and treatment may cause significant morbidity and mortality. Here we address the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of those movement disorder emergencies that are principally encountered in emergency departments, in acute receiving units or in intensive care units. We provide practical guidance for management in the acute setting where there are several treatable causes not to be missed. The suggested medication doses are predominantly based on expert opinion due to limited higher-level evidence. In spite of the rarity of movement disorder emergencies, neurologists need to be familiar with the phenomenology, potential causes and treatments of these conditions. Movement disorder emergencies divide broadly into two groups: hypokinetic and hyperkinetic, categorised according to their phenomenology. Most acute presentations are hyperkinetic and some are mixed.

中文翻译：

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运动障碍的紧急表现

运动障碍通常被认为是在门诊环境中进行管理的逐渐进展的病症。然而，它们可能会重新出现急性严重表型或急性失代偿。当运动障碍在数小时至数天内急性或亚急性发展时，就会成为紧急情况；其诊断和治疗的延误可能导致显着的发病率和死亡率。在这里，我们讨论主要在急诊科、急性接收病房或重症监护病房中遇到的运动障碍紧急情况的临床表现、诊断和管理。我们为急性情况下的管理提供实用指导，其中有几个不容错过的可治疗原因。由于高级证据有限，建议的药物剂量主要基于专家意见。尽管运动障碍紧急情况很少见，但神经科医生需要熟悉这些病症的现象学、潜在原因和治疗方法。运动障碍紧急情况大致分为两组：运动不足和运动过度，根据其现象学分类。大多数急性表现是多动症，有些是混合的。