The use of chemical insecticides has had several side-effects, such as environmental contamination, foodborne residues, and human health threats. The utilization of plant-derived essential oils as efficient bio-rational agents has been acknowledged in pest management strategies. In the present study, the fumigant toxicity of essential oil isolated from Satureja intermedia was assessed against cosmopolitan stored-product insect pests: Trogoderma granarium Everts (khapra beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (lesser grain borer), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (red flour beetle), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (saw-toothed grain beetle). The essential oil had significant fumigant toxicity against tested insects, which positively depended on essential oil concentrations and the exposure times. Comparative contact toxicity of S. intermedia essential oil was measured against Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (oleander aphid) and its predator Coccinella septempunctata L. (seven-spot ladybird). Adult females of A. nerii were more susceptible to the contact toxicity than the C. septempunctata adults. The dominant compounds in the essential oil of S. intermedia were thymol (48.1%), carvacrol (11.8%), p-cymene (8.1%), and γ-terpinene (8.1%). The high fumigant toxicity against four major stored-product insect pests, the significant aphidicidal effect on A. nerii, and relative safety to the general predator C. septempunctata make terpene-rich S. intermedia essential oil a potential candidate for use as a plant-based alternative to the detrimental synthetic insecticides.

中文翻译：

---

评估Satureja intermedia CA Mey精油对储存和温室害虫和捕食者瓢虫的毒性。

化学杀虫剂的使用具有多种副作用，例如环境污染，食源性残留物以及对人类健康的威胁。有害生物管理战略中已认识到利用植物精油作为有效的生物合理剂。在本研究中，评估了从Satureja intermedia分离出的精油对世界性储藏产品虫害的熏蒸毒性：Trogoderma granarium Everts（khapra甲虫），Rhyzopertha dominica（Fabricius）（小bore虫），Tribolium castaneum（Herbst）（红粉甲虫）和Oryzaephilus surinamensis（L。）（锯齿状甲虫）。精油对被测昆虫具有明显的熏蒸毒性，这在很大程度上取决于精油浓度和暴露时间。测量了中间链球菌精油对Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe（夹竹桃蚜）及其捕食者Coccinella septempunctata L.（七斑瓢虫）的比较接触毒性。ner。nerii的成年雌性比septempunctata的成年雌性更易受到接触毒性的影响。中间链霉菌精油中的主要化合物为百里香酚（48.1％），香芹酚（11.8％），p-Cymene（8.1％）和γ-萜品烯（8.1％）。熏蒸剂对四种主要储藏产品害虫具有很高的熏蒸毒性，对A. nerii有明显的杀蚜作用，并且对普通捕食者C. septempunctata具有相对安全性，因此，富含萜烯的S. intermedia精油可能会被用作植物。有害合成杀虫剂的替代品。