Longitude–latitude grids are commonly used for surface analyses and data storage in GIS. For volumetric analyses, three‐dimensional meshes perpendicularly raised above or below the gridded surface are applied. Since grids and meshes are defined with geographic coordinates, they are not equal area or volume due to convergence of the meridians and radii. This article compiles and presents known geodetic considerations and relevant formulae needed for longitude–latitude grid and mesh analyses in GIS. The effect of neglecting these considerations is demonstrated on area and volume calculations of ecological marine units.

中文翻译：

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经纬度网格和三维网格的面积和体积计算

经纬度网格通常用于GIS中的表面分析和数据存储。对于体积分析，应用在网格表面上方或下方垂直凸起的三维网格。由于网格和网格是用地理坐标定义的，因此由于子午线和半径的收敛，它们不等于面积或体积。本文汇总并介绍了GIS中经纬度网格和网格分析所需的已知大地测量注意事项和相关公式。忽略这些考虑的影响在生态海洋单位的面积和体积计算中得到了证明。