Abstract The hydrological characteristics of debris-covered glaciers are known to be fundamentally different from those of clean-ice glaciers, even within the same climatological, geological, and geomorphological setting. Understanding how these characteristics influence the timing and magnitude of meltwater discharge is particularly important for regions where downstream communities rely on this resource for sanitation, irrigation, and hydropower, such as High Mountain Asia. The hydrology of debris-covered glaciers is complex: rugged surface topographies typically route meltwater through compound supraglacial-englacial systems involving both channels and ponds, as well as pathways that remain unknown. Low-gradient tongues that extend several kilometres retard water conveyance and promote englacial storage. Englacial conduits are frequently abandoned and reactivated as water supply changes, new lines of permeability are exploited, and drainage is captured due to high rates of surface and subsurface change. Seasonal influences, such as the monsoon, are superimposed on these distinctive characteristics, reorganising surface and subsurface drainage rapidly from one season to the next. Recent advances in understanding have mostly come from studies aimed at quantifying and describing supraglacial processes; little is known about the subsurface hydrology, particularly the nature (or even existence) of subglacial drainage. In this review, we consider in turn the supraglacial, englacial, subglacial, and proglacial hydrological domains of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia. We summarise different lines of evidence to establish the current state of knowledge and, in doing so, identify major knowledge gaps. Finally, we use this information to suggest six themes for future hydrological research at High Mountain Asian debris-covered glaciers in order to make timely long-term predictions of changes in the water they supply.

中文翻译：

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亚洲高山碎屑覆盖冰川的水文

摘要 碎屑冰川的水文特征与清洁冰川的水文特征有着根本的不同，即使在相同的气候、地质和地貌环境中也是如此。了解这些特征如何影响融水排放的时间和规模对于下游社区依赖这种资源进行卫生、灌溉和水力发电的地区（例如亚洲高山）尤为重要。被碎屑覆盖的冰川的水文很复杂：崎岖的地表地形通常将融水通过包括河道和池塘的复合超冰期-冰川作用系统，以及仍然未知的路径。延伸数公里的低梯度舌头阻碍了水的输送并促进了冰川储存。随着供水的变化，新的渗透线被开发出来，并且由于地表和地下的变化率很高，排水系统被捕获，因此冰川通道经常被废弃和重新激活。季风等季节性影响叠加在这些独特的特征上，从一个季节到下一个季节迅速重组地表和地下排水系统。最近在理解方面的进展主要来自旨在量化和描述冰上过程的研究；人们对地下水文知之甚少，尤其是冰下排水的性质（甚至存在）。在这篇综述中，我们依次考虑了亚洲高山碎屑覆盖冰川的上冰期、冰期、冰下和前冰期水文领域。我们总结了不同的证据来确定当前的知识状态，并在此过程中确定主要的知识差距。最后，我们利用这些信息为高山亚洲碎片覆盖的冰川未来的水文研究提出六个主题，以便及时对它们供应的水的变化进行长期预测。