Abstract Viticulture is a valuable sector worldwide with an extraordinary socio-economic impact in Spain. Numerous pests and diseases threaten vineyards, and their management primarily relies on the use of conventional agrochemicals. The current paradigm of sustainability pursues the implementation of ecologically sound strategies in vineyard ecosystems. The use of cover crops is arising as an alternative with numerous benefits, including favoring above-belowground biodiversity and the presence of beneficial soil organisms such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). We hypothesized that the use of specific cover crops in vineyards might enhance the natural occurrence and activity of EPNs by modulating the assemblage with associated organisms. We performed the experiments in an ongoing experimental vineyard (Vitis vinifera var Tempranillo, clon RJ-26, rootstock ‘110-Richter’) located in Logrono (Spain), drove with different soil management systems (three replicates each): conventional tillage practice and the cover crops (i) seeded with Bromus catharticus (Poaceae), (ii) flower-driven, and (iii) spontaneous. We took four soil composite samples per plot (n = 48 per sampling time) late spring and early autumn in two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). By using species-specific primers/probes qPCR sets, we screened for the presence and abundance of eight EPNs species and 12 related soil organisms: six nematophagous fungi, four free-living nematodes, and two ectoparasitic bacteria. Additionally, we assessed the EPN activity by the traditional insect-bait method. Overall, we recorded higher EPN numbers or activity rates on cover crops than on bare soils. However, some of the results were divergent among no-till treatments. We observed not only higher EPN abundance and activity on spontaneous covers but lower numbers of antagonistic organisms, particularly endoparasitic nematophagous fungi. Thus, according to our results, the use of spontaneous covers could be the most promising strategy to support the conservation biological control service provided by the naturally occurring EPN species in vineyards, plus with a low cost for the sector.

中文翻译：

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葡萄园地面覆盖管理对昆虫病原线虫和相关土壤生物的发生和活动的影响

摘要 葡萄栽培是全球重要的部门，在西班牙具有非凡的社会经济影响。许多病虫害威胁着葡萄园，它们的管理主要依赖于使用传统的农用化学品。当前的可持续性范式追求在葡萄园生态系统中实施生态无害的战略。覆盖作物的使用正在成为具有许多好处的替代品，包括有利于地上生物多样性和有益土壤生物的存在，例如昆虫病原线虫 (EPN)。我们假设在葡萄园中使用特定的覆盖作物可能会通过调节与相关生物的组合来增强 EPN 的自然发生和活性。我们在一个正在进行的实验葡萄园（Vitis vinifera var Tempranillo，克隆 RJ-26，砧木 '110-Richter') 位于洛格罗诺（西班牙），使用不同的土壤管理系统（每个重复三个）：常规耕作方法和覆盖作物 (i) 播种布罗姆草（禾本科），（ ii) 花驱动，和 (iii) 自发。我们在连续两年（2017 年和 2018 年）的春末和初秋每个地块（每个采样时间 n = 48 个）采集了四个土壤复合样本。通过使用物种特异性引物/探针 qPCR 集，我们筛选了 8 种 EPN 物种和 12 种相关土壤生物的存在和丰度：6 种食线虫真菌、4 种自由生活的线虫和两种外寄生细菌。此外，我们通过传统的昆虫诱饵方法评估了 EPN 活性。总体而言，我们记录的覆盖作物的 EPN 数量或活动率高于裸土。然而，一些结果在免耕处理之间存在差异。我们不仅在自发覆盖上观察到更高的 EPN 丰度和活性，而且还观察到较少数量的拮抗生物，特别是内寄生的食线虫真菌。因此，根据我们的结果，自发覆盖的使用可能是支持葡萄园中自然发生的 EPN 物种提供的保护性生物控制服务的最有前途的策略，而且该部门的成本很低。