Previous analytical studies show that most of Northern Italian glass has been heavily recycled and that mixing of natron and plant ash glass was occurring (Verità and Toninato 1990; Verità et al. 2002; Uboldi and Verità 2003; Andreescu-Treadgold and Henderson 2006; Silvestri and Marcante 2011). The re-use of “old Roman glass” has been interpreted as stagnation in glass trade from the primary production areas. However, the reintroduction of plant ash glass on sites such as Torcello, Nogara, and in Lombardy at the same time as it was reintroduced in the Levant, strongly indicates long-distance contacts with the Levant at least from the eighth century CE. This paper addresses the key issue of recycling by focusing on the compositional nature of glass traded and reworked in Northern Italy after the seventh century CE set in a broad Mediterranean context by analysing major, minor, and trace elements in eighty-nine glass samples (seventh to the eleventh century AD) from the glass workshop of Piazza XX Settembre, Comacchio. Five major previously proposed compositional groups of glass have been identified from Comacchio (Levantine Apollonia and Jalame types, HIMT, Foy-2, and plant ash glass). The impact of recycling and mixing practices in Comacchio glass is also discussed with the help of known recycling markers and selected ratios (major and trace elements). The mixing between Levantine, HIMT, and plant ash glass is highlighted and end-members of potential natron to natron mixing compositional groups have been identified. The compositional nature of plant ash glass from Northern Italy is discussed in light of their trace element content and production areas.

中文翻译：

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来自意大利北部的7至11世纪CE玻璃：在连续性与创新之间

先前的分析研究表明，意大利北部大部分玻璃已经大量回收利用，并且发生了中子玻璃和植物灰玻璃的混合（Verità和Toninato 1990；Verità等人2002； Uboldi和Verità2003； Andreescu-Treadgold和Henderson 2006； Silvestri和Marcante 2011）。“旧罗马玻璃”的再利用被解释为初级生产地区的玻璃贸易停滞。但是，在黎凡特再次引入植物灰玻璃的同时，又在托尔切洛，诺加拉和伦巴第等地重新引入植物灰玻璃，这强烈表明至少从公元八世纪起与黎凡特的长距离接触。本文通过分析八十九种玻璃样品中的主要，次要和微量元素，着重研究了七世纪CE在广泛的地中海背景下在意大利北部买卖和再加工的玻璃的成分性质，从而解决了回收的关键问题。到公元十一世纪）是科马基奥广场XX Settembre的玻璃工坊。从科马基奥（Leantine Apollonia和Jalame类型，HIMT，Foy-2和植物灰玻璃）中鉴定出五个先前提议的主要玻璃成分组。还借助已知的回收标记和选定的比例（主要和痕量元素）讨论了Comacchio玻璃中的回收和混合实践的影响。Levantine，HIMT，突出显示了植物灰玻璃，并确定了潜在的Natron与Natron混合组成基团的末端成员。根据意大利北部植物灰玻璃的微量元素含量和生产区域，对其成分性质进行了讨论。