RNA tailing, or the addition of non-templated nucleotides to the 3′ end of RNA, is the most frequent and conserved type of RNA modification. The addition of tails and their composition reflect RNA maturation stages and have important roles in determining the fate of the modified RNAs. Apart from canonical poly(A) polymerases, which add poly(A) tails to mRNAs in a transcription-coupled manner, a family of terminal nucleotidyltransferases (TENTs), including terminal uridylyltransferases (TUTs), modify RNAs post-transcriptionally to control RNA stability and activity. The human genome encodes 11 different TENTs with distinct substrate specificity, intracellular localization and tissue distribution. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of non-canonical RNA tails, with a focus on the functions of human TENTs, which include uridylation, mixed tailing and post-transcriptional polyadenylation of mRNAs, microRNAs and other types of non-coding RNA.

RNA拖尾或在RNA 3'末端添加非模板核苷酸是最常见和最保守的RNA修饰类型。尾巴的添加及其组成反映了RNA的成熟阶段，在确定修饰RNA的命运方面具有重要作用。除了规范的poly（A）聚合酶以转录偶联的方式将poly（A）尾巴添加到mRNA之外，一系列末端核苷酸转移酶（TENT），包括末端尿酸转移酶（TUT），还可以在转录后修饰RNA，以控制RNA的稳定性。和活动。人类基因组编码11种不同的TENT，具有不同的底物特异性，细胞内定位和组织分布。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了我们对非规范RNA尾巴的理解的最新进展，重点是人类TENT的功能，