Abstract Biofouling accumulation on ships’ submerged surfaces typically occurs during stationary periods that render surfaces more susceptible to colonization than when underway. As a result, stationary periods longer than typical port residence times (hours to days), often referred to as lay-ups, can have deleterious effects on hull maintenance strategies, which aim to minimize biofouling impacts on ship operations and the likelihood of invasive species transfers. This experimental study tested the effects of different lay-up durations on the magnitude of biofouling, before and after exposure to flow, using fouling panels with three coating treatments (antifouling, foul-release, and controls), at two sites, and a portable field flume to simulate voyage sheer forces. Control panels subjected to extended stationary durations (28-, 45- and 60-days) had significantly higher biofouling cover and there was a 13- to 25-fold difference in biofouling accumulation between 10-days and 28-days of static immersion. Prior to flume exposure, the antifouling coating prevented biofouling accumulation almost entirely at one site and kept it below 20% at the other. Foul-release coatings also proved effective, especially after flume exposure, which reduced biofouling at one site from >52% to <6% cover (on average). The experimental approach was beneficial for co-locating panel deployments and flume processing using a consistent (standardized) flow regime on large panels across sites of differing conditions and biofouling assemblages. While lay-ups of commercial vessels are relatively common, inevitable, and unavoidable, it is important to develop a better understanding of the magnitude of their effects on biofouling of ships’ submerged surfaces and to develop workable post-lay-up approaches to manage and respond to elevated biofouling accumulation that may result.

中文翻译：

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船舶固定搁置期和模拟运输生物污垢积累和转移的实验测试

摘要 船舶水下表面的生物污垢积聚通常发生在静止期间，这使得表面比航行时更容易受到殖民。因此，比典型的港口停留时间（数小时到数天）长的静止期，通常被称为搁置，会对船体维护策略产生有害影响，旨在最大限度地减少生物污垢对船舶运营的影响和入侵物种的可能性转让。本实验研究在两个地点使用具有三种涂层处理（防污、防污和控制）的污垢面板和便携式设备，测试了不同铺设时间对生物污垢程度的影响，在暴露于流动之前和之后场水槽来模拟航行的绝对力。控制面板经​​受延长的静止时间（28-，45 天和 60 天）具有显着更高的生物污垢覆盖率，并且静态浸泡 10 天和 28 天之间的生物污垢积累量有 13 到 25 倍的差异。在水槽暴露之前，防污涂层几乎完全阻止了一个位置的生物污垢积聚，并将其保持在 20% 以下。污垢释放涂层也被证明是有效的，尤其是在水槽暴露之后，它将一个地点的生物污垢从 >52% 减少到 <6% 覆盖率（平均）。该实验方法有利于在不同条件和生物污垢组合的站点上使用一致（标准化）流态在大型面板上共同定位面板部署和水槽处理。虽然商船的搁置相对普遍、不可避免和不可避免，