C change predictions in some waterlimited regions, such as the southwestern US and central Australia, forecast increasing aridity and longer, hotter, and more frequent drought events (Chiew et al. 2011; Ahmadalipour et al. 2017). These projections and recent severe droughts have increasingly motivated efforts to find and conserve ecohydrologic refugia: that is, mesic microenvironments that are relatively buffered from climate change (McLaughlin et al. 2017). Some groundwater systems provide such buffering via water storage in deep aquifers for centuries or millennia, slow responses to precipitation changes, and relative protection from evapotranspiration (Cuthbert and Ashley 2014; Davis et al. 2017). Springs are promising candidates as ecohydrologic refugia, making them increasingly important to freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity conservation in landscapes experiencing increasing aridification (Morelli et al. 2016; McLaughlin et al. 2017). However, even neighboring springs can respond idiosyncratically to climate signals, suggesting variable capacity to function as longterm hydrologic refugia (Weissinger et al. 2016; Cartwright and Johnson 2018). Moreover, many aquifers are threatened by groundwater withdrawals and some may be vulnerable to such changes in climate as snowtorain transitions in recharge zones (Taylor et al. 2013). Here, we discuss the importance of springs to regional and global biodiversity and their role as paleorefugia during previous climatic changes. We present a framework for integrating evidence from diverse disciplines to identify springs with the potential to provide future ecohydrologic refugia; to enhance inventory, monitoring, conservation, and restoration of springs; and to support adaptation of natural communities to changing environmental conditions.

中文翻译：

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未来的绿洲？泉水作为干燥气候下潜在的水文避难所

一些水资源受限地区的 C 变化预测，例如美国西南部和澳大利亚中部，预测干旱会增加，干旱事件时间更长、更热、更频繁（Chiew 等人，2011 年；Ahmadalipour 等人，2017 年）。这些预测和最近的严重干旱越来越促使人们努力寻找和保护生态水文避难所：即气候变化相对缓冲的中微环境（McLaughlin 等人，2017 年）。一些地下水系统通过在深层含水层中储存数百年或数千年的水、对降水变化的缓慢响应以及对蒸发蒸腾的相对保护来提供这种缓冲（Cuthbert 和 Ashley 2014；Davis 等，2017）。泉水是有前途的生态水文避难所，使它们对经历日益干旱化的景观中的淡水和陆地生物多样性保护变得越来越重要（Morelli 等人，2016 年；McLaughlin 等人，2017 年）。然而，即使是邻近的泉水也会对气候信号做出特殊反应，这表明作为长期水文避难所的能力是可变的（Weissinger 等人，2016 年；Cartwright 和 Johnson 2018 年）。此外，许多含水层受到地下水抽取的威胁，有些含水层可能容易受到补给区雪地暴雨等气候变化的影响（Taylor 等人，2013 年）。在这里，我们讨论了泉水对区域和全球生物多样性的重要性以及它们在以前的气候变化中作为古生物的作用。我们提出了一个框架，用于整合来自不同学科的证据，以确定有可能提供未来生态水文避难所的泉水；加强泉水的清查、监测、保护和修复；并支持自然群落适应不断变化的环境条件。