Implants like meshes for the reinforcement of tissues implement the formation of a persistent inflammation with an ambient fibrotic reaction. In the inflammatory infiltrate several distinct cell types have been identified, but CD68+ macrophages are supposed to be most important. To investigate the collaboration among the various cell types within the infiltrate we performed at explanted meshes from humans double fluorescence staining with CD68 as a constant marker and a variety of other antibodies as the second marker. The list of second markers includes lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD56, FoxP3, and CD11b) stem cells (CD34), leucocytes (CD45, CD15), macrophages (CD86, CD105, CD163, and CD206); deposition of EC matrix (collagen‐I, collagen‐III, MMP2, and MMP8); Ki67 as a marker for proliferation; and the tyrosine‐protein kinase receptor AXL. The present study demonstrates within the inflammatory infiltrate the abundant capability of CD68+ cells to co‐express a huge variety of other markers, including those of lymphocytes, varying between 5 and 83% of investigated cells. The observation of co‐staining was not restricted to a specific polymer but was seen with polypropylene fibers as well as with fibers made of polyvinylidene fluoride, although with differences in co‐expression rates. The persisting variability of these cells without the functional reduction toward differentiated mature cell types may favor the lack of healing at the interface of meshes.

中文翻译：

---

CD68+ 巨噬细胞作为异物反应的关键组成部分，证明了通过双荧光染色分析量化的功能标记的非常规模式。

用于增强组织的网状植入物通过周围纤维化反应形成持续性炎症。在炎症浸润中，已经确定了几种不同的细胞类型，但 CD68+ 巨噬细胞应该是最重要的。为了研究浸润中各种细胞类型之间的协作，我们在来自人类的外植网格上进行了双荧光染色，CD68 作为恒定标记，各种其他抗体作为第二标记。第二个标志物包括淋巴细胞（CD3、CD4、CD8、CD16、CD56、FoxP3和CD11b）干细胞（CD34）、白细胞（CD45、CD15）、巨噬细胞（CD86、CD105、CD163和CD206）；EC 基质（胶原蛋白-I、胶原蛋白-III、MMP2 和 MMP8）的沉积；Ki67 作为增殖的标志物；和酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体 AXL。本研究表明，在炎症浸润中，CD68+ 细胞具有丰富的共表达多种其他标志物的能力，包括淋巴细胞的标志物，占所研究细胞的 5% 至 83%。对共染色的观察不限于特定的聚合物，而是在聚丙烯纤维和由聚偏二氟乙烯制成的纤维中观察到，尽管共表达率存在差异。这些细胞的持续变异性没有对分化的成熟细胞类型的功能降低可能有利于网格界面缺乏愈合。对共染色的观察不仅限于特定的聚合物，而且可以在聚丙烯纤维和聚偏二氟乙烯制成的纤维中观察到，尽管共表达率存在差异。这些细胞的持续变异性没有对分化的成熟细胞类型的功能降低可能有利于网格界面缺乏愈合。对共染色的观察不限于特定的聚合物，而是在聚丙烯纤维和由聚偏二氟乙烯制成的纤维中观察到，尽管共表达率存在差异。这些细胞的持续变异性没有对分化的成熟细胞类型的功能降低可能有利于网格界面缺乏愈合。