Abstract The HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine Irradiation and Temperature) instrument is a European payload of the ExoMars 2022 Surface Platform Kazachok that will characterize the present-day habitability at its landing place in Oxia Planum, Mars. HABIT consists of two modules: (i) EnvPack (Environmental Package) that monitors the thermal environment (air and ground), the incident ultraviolet radiation, the near-surface winds and the atmospheric dust cycle; and (ii) BOTTLE (Brine Observation Transition To Liquid Experiment), an In-situ Resource Utilization instrument to produce liquid water for future Mars exploration. BOTTLE will be used also to investigate the electrical conductivity properties of the martian atmosphere, the present-day atmospheric-ground water cycle and to evaluate if liquid water can exist on Mars in the form of brines, and for how long. These variables measured by HABIT are critical to determine the present and future habitability of the martian surface. In this paper, we describe in detail the HABIT instrument and sensors, together with the calibration of its Flight Model (FM) and the Engineering Qualification Model (EQM) versions. The EnvPack module has heritage from previous missions operating on the surface of Mars, and the environmental observations of its sensors will be directly comparable to those delivered by those missions. HABIT can provide information of the local temperature with ±0.2 ​°C accuracy, local winds with ±0.3 ​m/s, surface brightness temperature with ±0.8 ​°C, incident UV irradiance with 10% error of its absolute value in the UV-A, UV-B, UV-C ranges, as well as in the total UV-ABC range, and two additional wavebands, dedicated to ozone absorption. The UV observations can be used to derive the total opacity column and thus monitor the dust and ozone cycles. BOTTLE can demonstrate the hydration state of a set of four deliquescent salts, which have been found on Mars (calcium chloride, ferric sulphate, magnesium perchlorate and sodium perchlorate) by monitoring their electric conductivity (EC). The EC of the air and the dry salts under Earth ambient, clean room conditions is of the order of 0.1 μScm−1. We have simulated HABIT operations, within an environmental chamber, under martian conditions similar to those expected at Oxia Planum. For dry, CO2 atmospheric conditions at martian pressures, the air EC can be as low as 10−8 μScm−1, however it increases with the relative humidity (RH) percentage. The laboratory experiments show that after an increase from 0 to 60% RH within a few hours, the EC of the air increased up to 10−1 μScm−1, magnesium perchlorate hydrated and reached values of 10 μScm-1, whereas calcium chloride deliquesced forming a liquid state with EC of 102 μScm−1. HABIT will operate with a regular cadence, through day and night. The Electronic Unit (EU) is protected with a heater that is activated when its temperature is below −33 ​°C and disabled if the temperature of the surface platform rises above −30 ​°C. Additionally, the heaters of the BOTTLE unit can be activated to dehydrate the salts and reset the experiment. HABIT weighs only 918 ​g. Its power consumption depends on the operation mode and internal temperature, and it varies between 0.7 ​W, for nominal operation, and 13.1 ​W (when heaters are turned on at full intensity). HABIT has a baseline data rate of 1.5 MB/sol. In addition to providing critical environmental observations, this light and robust instrument, will be the first demonstrator of a water capturing system on the surface of Mars, and the first European In-Situ Resource Utilization in the surface of another planet.

中文翻译：

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ExoMars 2022 表面平台的 HABIT（HabitAbility：盐水辐照和温度）环境仪器

摘要 HABIT（HabitAbility：盐水辐照和温度）仪器是 ExoMars 2022 表面平台 Kazachok 的欧洲有效载荷，它将表征其在火星 Oxia 平原的着陆点的当今宜居性。HABIT 由两个模块组成： (i) EnvPack（环境包），用于监测热环境（空气和地面）、入射紫外线辐射、近地表风和大气尘埃循环；(ii) BOTTLE（盐水观测过渡到液体实验），一种原位资源利用仪器，为未来的火星探索生产液态水。BOTTLE 还将用于研究火星大气的导电特性、当今的大气-地下水循环，并评估液态水是否可以以盐水的形式存在于火星上，以及多久。HABIT 测量的这些变量对于确定火星表面现在和未来的宜居性至关重要。在本文中，我们详细描述了 HABIT 仪器和传感器，以及其飞行模型 (FM) 和工程资格模型 (EQM) 版本的校准。EnvPack 模块继承了之前在火星表面运行的任务，其传感器的环境观测将直接与这些任务提供的观测结果相媲美。HABIT可以提供±0.2 °C精度的局部温度信息，±0.3 m / s的局部风，±0.8 ℃的表面亮度温度，入射紫外线辐照度，其绝对值在紫外线中的10％误差-A、UV-B、UV-C 范围，以及整个 UV-ABC 范围，以及两个额外的波段，专用于臭氧吸收。紫外线观测可用于推导出总不透明度列，从而监测灰尘和臭氧循环。BOTTLE 可以通过监测在火星上发现的四种潮解盐（氯化钙、硫酸铁、高氯酸镁和高氯酸钠）的电导率 (EC) 来证明它们的水合状态。在地球环境、洁净室条件下，空气和干盐的 EC 约为 0.1 μScm-1。我们在环境舱内模拟了 HABIT 操作，在类似于 Oxia Planum 预期的火星条件下。对于火星压力下干燥的 CO2 大气条件，空气 EC 可低至 10-8 μScm-1，但它会随着相对湿度 (RH) 百分比的增加而增加。实验室实验表明，在几小时内从 0% RH 增加到 60% RH 后，空气的 EC 增加到 10-1 μScm-1，高氯酸镁水合并达到 10 μScm-1 的值，而氯化钙则潮解形成 EC 为 102 μScm-1 的液态。HABIT 将在白天和黑夜以有规律的节奏运作。电子单元 (EU) 受加热器保护，该加热器在其温度低于 -33°C 时被激活，如果表面平台的温度升至 -30°C 以上，则该加热器将被禁用。此外，可以激活 BOTTLE 装置的加热器来使盐脱水并重置实验。HABIT 仅重 918 克。其功耗取决于操作模式和内部温度，在标称操作的 0.7 瓦和 13 瓦之间变化。1 W（当加热器以全强度打开时）。HABIT 的基线数据速率为 1.5 MB/sol。除了提供重要的环境观测外，这种轻便而坚固的仪器将成为火星表面集水系统的第一个演示者，也是欧洲第一个在另一个星球表面进行原位资源利用的设备。