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Differences in time-based task characteristics help to explain the age-prospective memory paradox.
Cognition ( IF 4.011 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104305
Simon J Haines 1 , Susan E Randall 2 , Gill Terrett 2 , Lucy Busija 3 , Gemma Tatangelo 4 , Skye N McLennan 2 , Nathan S Rose 5 , Matthias Kliegel 6 , Julie D Henry 7 , Peter G Rendell 2
Affiliation  

Prior prospective memory (PM) research shows paradoxical findings—young adults outperform older adults in laboratory settings, but the reverse is found in naturalistic settings. Moreover, young-old outperform old-old adults in laboratory settings, but show no age differences in naturalistic settings. Here we highlight how time-based task characteristics have differed systematically between studies conducted in laboratory (time-interval cues) and naturalistic settings (time-of-day cues) and argue that this apparent paradox is a function of comparing disparate task types. In three experiments, we tested this hypothesis using analogous paradigms across settings, with event-based, time-of-day, and time-interval cued PM tasks. Experiment 1 compared young (n = 40) and older (n = 53) adults on a laboratory paradigm that measured PM tasks embedded in a virtual, daily life narrative; and on a conceptually parallel paradigm using a customized smartphone application (MEMO) in actual daily life. Results revealed that on the MEMO, older adults outperformed young adults on the time-of-day tasks but did not differ on the time-interval or event-based task. In contrast, older adults performed worse than young adults in the laboratory. Experiment 2 compared PM performance in young-old (n = 64) and old-old (n = 40) adults using the same paradigms. Young-old outperformed old-old adults in the laboratory; however, group differences were not evident in daily life. Experiment 3 compared young (n = 42) and older (n = 41) adults, and largely replicated the findings of Experiment 1 using a more demanding version of MEMO. These findings provide novel and important insights into the limiting conditions of the age-PM paradox and the need for a finer theoretical delineation of time-based tasks.



中文翻译:

基于时间的任务特征的差异有助于解释预期年龄的记忆悖论。

先前的前瞻性记忆(PM)研究显示出悖论性的发现:在实验室环境中,年轻人的表现要优于老年人,但在自然环境中则相反。此外,年轻人在实验室环境中的表现要好于老年人,但在自然环境中没有年龄差异。在这里,我们重点介绍了基于时间的任务特征在实验室(时间间隔线索)和自然主义环境(一天中的时间线索)中进行的研究之间的系统差异,并指出这种明显的悖论是比较不同任务类型的功能。在三个实验中,我们使用跨设置的类似范例,基于事件,一天中的时间和时间间隔提示的PM任务,对这一假设进行了测试。实验1比较了年轻(n  = 40)和年长(n = 53)处于实验室范例中的成年人,他们测量了嵌入在虚拟的日常生活叙事中的PM任务;并在实际日常生活中使用定制的智能手机应用程序(MEMO)进行概念上并行的范例。结果显示,在备忘录中,老年人在日常工作中的表现优于年轻人,但在时间间隔或基于事件的任务上则没有差异。相反,在实验室中,老年人的表现要比年轻人差。实验2比较了 使用相同范例的年轻(n  = 64)和老年(n = 40)成年人的PM表现。年轻人在实验室中的表现要好于老年人。但是,在日常生活中群体差异并不明显。实验3比较了年轻(n  = 42)和年长(n = 41)成年人,并使用要求更高的MEMO版本很大程度上重复了实验1的发现。这些发现为年龄-PM悖论的局限性条件以及对基于时间的任务的更好的理论描述的需求提供了新颖而重要的见解。

更新日期:2020-06-01
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