Type I hypersensitivity reactions against environmental entities, i.e. allergens, are an ever growing problem, with increasing numbers of affected individuals in Western countries. In parallel, nanotechnology has been growing during the past decades, entering more and more areas of application in everyday life. Exposure to allergens may occur in a combined way with environmental particulate matter or (nano-)particles potentially abundant at the workplace. Such combinations may thus affect workers and consumers alike. The present study conceived a methodological and mechanistic approach based on recombinant allergen–SiO₂ nanoparticle conjugates and the novel hAELVi cell line as two well-defined model systems to investigate the effects of co-exposure towards allergens and nanoparticles. We applied pristine nanoparticles, allergen–nanoparticle conjugates and unbound allergen under submerged and air–liquid interface conditions. The uptake kinetics and mechanisms, cellular localization and resulting immune responses were studied in hAELVi cells, a cell line derived from human alveolar epithelium showing the characteristics of type I epithelial cells. Modification in the uptake kinetics as well as an increase in pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokine expression was observed under submerged conditions, but much less under air–liquid interface conditions. While for mechanistic investigations the submerged culture system still proved suitable, more robust and cost-effective, these culture conditions showed considerable deviations in cellular susceptibility observed under more realistic conditions.

中文翻译：

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过敏原-纳米粒子结合物的生物效应：在淹没与气液界面条件下，对hAELVi细胞的摄取和免疫效应

对环境实体（即过敏原）的I型超敏反应是一个日益严重的问题，西方国家的受感染个体数量越来越多。同时，在过去的几十年中，纳米技术一直在发展，并进入了日常生活中越来越多的应用领域。暴露于过敏原可能与工作场所中可能大量存在的环境颗粒物或（纳米）颗粒结合在一起。这样的组合因此可以影响工人和消费者。本研究构思了一种基于重组变应原-SiO ₂的方法学和机理方法纳米粒子共轭物和新型hAELVi细胞系作为两个定义明确的模型系统，以研究共同暴露对变应原和纳米粒子的影响。我们在水下和气液界面条件下应用了原始的纳米颗粒，过敏原-纳米颗粒结合物和未结合的过敏原。在hAELVi细胞中研究了摄取动力学和机制，细胞定位以及产生的免疫反应，hAELVi细胞是衍生自人肺泡上皮的细胞系，显示出I型上皮细胞的特征。在淹没条件下观察到摄取动力学的改变以及促炎性细胞/趋化因子表达的增加，但在气液界面条件下观察到的改变要小得多。尽管对于机械调查而言，沉浸式养殖系统仍然被证明是合适的，更强大且更具成本效益的，