We present the {\sc warpfield} emission predictor, {\sc warpfield-emp}, which couples the 1D stellar feedback code {\sc warpfield} with the {\sc cloudy} \hii region/PDR code and the {\sc polaris} radiative transfer code, in order to make detailed predictions for the time-dependent line and continuum emission arising from the H{\sc ii} region and PDR surrounding an evolving star cluster. {\sc warpfield-emp} accounts for a wide range of physical processes (stellar winds, supernovae, radiation pressure, gravity, thermal conduction, radiative cooling, dust extinction etc.) and yet runs quickly enough to allow us to explore broad ranges of different cloud parameters. We compare the results of an extensive set of models with SITELLE observations of a large sample of \hii regions in NGC~628 and find very good agreement, particularly for the highest signal-to-noise observations. We show that our approach of modeling individual clouds from first principles (instead of in terms of dimensionless quantities such as the ionization parameter) allows us to avoid long-standing degeneracies in the interpretation of \hii region diagnostics and enables us to relate these diagnostics to important physical parameters such as cloud mass or cluster age. Finally, we explore the implications of our models regarding the reliability of simple metallicity diagnostics, the properties of long-lived embedded clusters, and the role played by winds and supernovae in regulating \hii region and PDR line emission.

中文翻译：

---

WARPFIELD-EMP：密集分子云中演化 H ii 区域发射线的自洽预测

我们提出了 {\sc warpfield} 发射预测器 {\sc warpfield-emp}，它将一维恒星反馈代码 {\sc warpfield} 与 {\sc cloudy} \hii region/PDR 代码和 {\sc polaris } 辐射传输代码，以便对由 H{\sc ii} 区域和围绕演化星团的 PDR 产生的时间相关线和连续谱发射进行详细预测。{\sc warpfield-emp} 解释了广泛的物理过程（恒星风、超新星、辐射压力、重力、热传导、辐射冷却、尘埃灭绝等），但运行速度足以让我们探索广泛的不同的云参数。我们将大量模型的结果与 NGC~628 中 \hii 区域的大量样本的 SITELLE 观测结果进行比较，发现非常一致，特别是对于最高的信噪比观察。我们表明，我们从第一原理（而不是根据电离参数等无量纲量）对单个云进行建模的方法使我们能够避免在解释 \hii 区域诊断时长期存在的简并性，并使我们能够将这些诊断与重要的物理参数，例如云质量或星团年龄。最后，我们探讨了我们的模型对简单金属丰度诊断的可靠性、长寿命嵌入星团的特性以及风和超新星在调节 \hii 区域和 PDR 线发射中所起的作用的影响。我们表明，我们从第一原理（而不是根据电离参数等无量纲量）对单个云进行建模的方法使我们能够避免在解释 \hii 区域诊断时长期存在的简并性，并使我们能够将这些诊断与重要的物理参数，例如云质量或星团年龄。最后，我们探讨了我们的模型对简单金属丰度诊断的可靠性、长寿命嵌入星团的特性以及风和超新星在调节 \hii 区域和 PDR 线发射中所起的作用的影响。我们表明，我们从第一原理（而不是根据电离参数等无量纲量）对单个云进行建模的方法使我们能够避免在解释 \hii 区域诊断时长期存在的简并性，并使我们能够将这些诊断与重要的物理参数，例如云质量或星团年龄。最后，我们探讨了我们的模型对简单金属丰度诊断的可靠性、长寿命嵌入星团的特性以及风和超新星在调节 \hii 区域和 PDR 线发射中所起的作用的影响。