Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier and plays a critical role in the future energy transition. Distinct from steam reforming, electrochemical water splitting, especially powered by renewables, has been considered as a promising technique for scalable production of high-purity hydrogen with no carbon emission. Its commercialization relies on the reduction of electricity consumption and thus hydrogen cost, calling for highly efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts with the capability of steadily working at high hydrogen output. This requires the electrocatalysts to feature (1) highly active intrinsic sites, (2) abundant accessible active sites, (3) effective electron and mass transfer, (4) high chemical and structural durability, and (5) low-cost and scalable synthesis. It should be noted that all these requirements should be fulfilled together for a practicable electrocatalyst. Much effort has been devoted to addressing one or a few aspects, especially improving the electrocatalytic activity by electronic modulation of active sites, while few reviews have focused on the synergistic modulation of these aspects together although it is essential for advanced electrochemical water splitting.

中文翻译：

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用于高级水分解的非贵金属电催化剂的协同调节。

氢是理想的能源载体，在未来的能源转型中起着至关重要的作用。与蒸汽重整不同的是，电化学水分解，特别是由可再生能源驱动的水分解，已被认为是可扩展生产高纯度氢且无碳排放的有前途的技术。其商业化依赖于减少电力消耗并因此降低氢成本，因此需要高效且具有成本效益的电催化剂，其能够在高氢输出下稳定地工作。这要求电催化剂具有以下特征：（1）高活性的内在位点，（2）大量可利用的活性位点，（3）有效的电子和质量转移，（4）高的化学和结构耐久性以及（5）低成本且可扩展的合成。应该注意的是，对于实用的电催化剂，所有这些要求都应同时满足。已经致力于解决一个或几个方面，特别是通过活性位点的电子调节来改善电催化活性，尽管很少有评论集中于这些方面的协同调节，尽管这对于高级电化学水分解是必不可少的。