ABSTRACT Wind turbines produce mechanical energy that can propagate to the ground and disturb sensitive measurements such as seismic recordings. The aim of the large‐scale experiment Seismic Monitoring And Research of wind Turbine Induced Emissions (SMARTIE1) at a single wind turbine in Pfinztal (SW Germany) is to understand how wind turbines emit seismic signals under different operating conditions and how these seismic signals propagate through the local subsurface. The main objectives of SMARTIE1 are the investigation of wind turbine induced seismic signals, the characteristics of their propagation behaviour, as well as the radiation pattern of a single wind turbine as defined using particle motions. Moreover, we quantify the emission of the wind turbine induced seismic signals with respect to the wind speed. The combination of the wind turbine's emission into the subsurface and the attenuation behaviour of the seismic signals (ground motion velocity) can be used to estimate protection radii around seismic stations to ensure the recording of seismic signals without noticeable influences of the wind turbines. In this study, we detect several discrete wind turbine induced frequency peaks ranging from 1 to 10 Hz. We identify a radiation pattern of the wind turbine, which could give further insights into the interaction between the movement of the wind turbine's nacelle and the generation of the wind turbine induced seismic signals. Using profile measurements with a maximum distance of almost 3 km each, we fit a power‐law decay for power spectral density proportional to 1/rb. The attenuation factor, b, ranges from 0.7 to 1.3 for lower frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz, and increases to b = 2.3 for the higher frequency peak around 5.25 Hz. Finally, we present an example of estimation of a protection radius around the seismic station of the Collm Observatorium that is part of the German Regional Seismic Network. The example protection radius around Collm Observatorium regarding this single wind turbine is reached at a minimum distance of 3.7 km.

中文翻译：

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风力涡轮机诱发的地震信号：大规模 SMARTIE1 实验和定义记录站保护半径的概念

摘要 风力涡轮机产生的机械能可以传播到地面并干扰地震记录等敏感测量。在 Pfinztal（德国西南部）的单个风力涡轮机上进行的风力涡轮机诱发发射大规模实验地震监测和研究 (SMARTIE1) 的目的是了解风力涡轮机在不同运行条件下如何发射地震信号以及这些地震信号如何传播通过局部地下。SMARTIE1 的主要目标是研究风力涡轮机诱发的地震信号、其传播行为的特征以及使用粒子运动定义的单个风力涡轮机的辐射模式。此外，我们量化了与风速相关的风力涡轮机诱发地震信号的发射。结合风力发电机向地下的发射和地震信号（地震动速度）的衰减行为，可以估计地震台站周围的保护半径，以确保地震信号的记录不受风力发电机的明显影响。在这项研究中，我们检测到几个离散的风力涡轮机感应频率峰值，范围从 1 到 10 Hz。我们确定了风力涡轮机的辐射模式，这可以进一步了解风力涡轮机机舱的运动与风力涡轮机诱发地震信号的产生之间的相互作用。使用最大距离几乎为 3 公里的剖面测量，我们拟合了与 1/rb 成正比的功率谱密度的幂律衰减。衰减因子 b 的范围为 0.7 到 1。对于 1 到 4 Hz 之间的较低频率，b = 3，对于 5.25 Hz 附近的较高频率峰值，b = 2.3。最后，我们提供了一个估算科尔姆天文台地震台周围保护半径的示例，该台站是德国区域地震台网的一部分。Collm Observatorium 周围关于这台单个风力涡轮机的示例保护半径在 3.7 公里的最小距离处达到。