Salmonellae have evolved a wide range of molecular mechanisms to neutralize the effect of antibiotics and evade the host immune system response. These mechanisms are exquisitely controlled by global and local regulators and enable the pathogens to use its energy as per need and hence allow the pathogen to economize the consumption of energy by its cellular machinery. Several families that regulate the expression of different drug resistance genes are known; some of these are: the TetR family (which affects tetracycline resistance genes), the AraC/XylS family (regulators that can act as both transcriptional activators and repressors), two-component signal transduction systems (e.g. PhoPQ, a key regulator for virulence), mercury resistance Mer-R and multiple antibiotic resistance Mar-R regulators, LysR-type global regulators (e.g. LeuO) and histone-like protein regulators (involved in the repression of newly transferred resistance genes). This minireview focuses on the role of different regulators harbored by the Salmonella genome and characterized for mediating the drug resistance mechanisms particularly via efflux and influx systems. Understanding of such transcriptional regulation mechanisms is imperative to address drug resistance issues in Salmonella and other bacterial pathogens.

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沙门氏菌耐药机制的转录调控：我们的立场和我们需要知道的

沙门氏菌已经进化出广泛的分子机制来中和抗生素的作用并逃避宿主免疫系统的反应。这些机制由全球和局部监管机构精心控制，使病原体能够根据需要使用其能量，从而使病原体能够节省其细胞机器对能量的消耗。几个调节不同耐药基因表达的家族是已知的；其中一些是：TetR 家族（影响四环素抗性基因）、AraC/XylS 家族（可作为转录激活因子和抑制因子的调节因子）、双组分信号转导系统（例如 PhoPQ，毒力的关键调节因子） 、耐汞 Mer-R 和多重抗生素耐药性 Mar-R 调节剂、LysR 型全球调节剂（例如 LeuO) 和组蛋白样蛋白调节剂（参与抑制新转移的抗性基因）。这篇小综述重点关注沙门氏菌基因组所包含的不同调节剂的作用，其特征是介导耐药机制，特别是通过外排和流入系统。了解这种转录调控机制对于解决沙门氏菌和其他细菌病原体的耐药性问题至关重要。