Emissions from road traffic are under constant discussion since they pose a major threat to human health despite the increasingly strict emission targets and regulations. Although the new passenger car regulations have been very effective in reducing the particulate matter (PM) emissions, the aged car fleet in some EU countries remains a substantial source of PM emissions. Moreover, toxicity of PM emissions from multiple new types of bio-based fuels remain uncertain and different driving conditions such as the sub-zero running temperature has been shown to affect the emissions. Overall, the current literature and experimental knowledge on the toxicology of these PM emissions and conditions is scarce. In the present study, we show that exhaust gas PM from newly regulated passenger cars fueled by different fuels at sub-zero temperatures, induce toxicological responses in vitro. We used exhaust gas volume-based PM doses to give us better insight on the real-life exposure and included one older diesel car to estimate the effect of the new emissions regulations. In cars compliant with the new regulations, gasoline (E10) displayed the highest PM concentrations and toxicological responses, while the higher ethanol blend (E85) resulted in slightly lower exhaust gas PM concentrations and notably lower toxicological responses in comparison. Engines powered by modern diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) yielded the lowest PM concentrations and toxicological responses. The present study shows that toxicity of the exhaust gas PM varies depending on the fuels used. Additionally, concentration and toxicity of PM from an older diesel car were vastly higher, compared to contemporary vehicles, indicating the beneficial effects of the new emissions regulations.

中文翻译：

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在次冻结条件下使用不同燃料替代品的轻型车辆尾气排放的毒理学评估。

尽管排放目标和法规越来越严格，但道路交通排放仍对人类健康构成重大威胁，因此一直在讨论中。尽管新的乘用车法规在减少颗粒物（PM）排放方面非常有效，但在某些欧盟国家，旧车队仍然是PM排放的重要来源。此外，来自多种新型生物基燃料的PM排放的毒性仍然不确定，并且不同的行驶条件（例如低于0的运行温度）已显示会影响排放。总的来说，关于这些PM排放物和条件的毒理学的当前文献和实验知识很少。在本研究中，我们表明，新近管制的乘用车的废气PM在零以下温度下由不同的燃料提供燃料，在体外诱导毒性反应。我们使用了基于废气量的PM剂量，以使我们更好地了解现实生活中的暴露情况，并使用了一辆较旧的柴油车来估算新排放法规的效果。在符合新法规的汽车中，汽油（E10）表现出最高的PM浓度和毒理学响应，而较高的乙醇混合比（E85）则导致排气PM浓度略低，并且毒理学响应显着降低。由现代柴油和压缩天然气（CNG）供电的发动机产生的最低PM浓度和毒理学响应。本研究表明，废气中PM的毒性取决于所使用的燃料。此外，与现代车辆相比，旧柴油车中PM的浓度和毒性要高得多，