Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a neurological syndrome determined by a rise in intracranial pressure without a detectable cause. Course and prognosis may be changeable, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for its diagnosis and management. Although its precise pathogenesis is still unknown, many studies have been carried out to define the possible causal and associated factors, such as retinoids, steroid hormones, body mass index and recent weight gains, cytokines and adipokines levels. The clinical presentation can be variable including chronic headache, disturbance of vision, diplopia and tinnitus. Even if papilloedema is considered the most specific sign, it could not be observed in more than 5% of patients during the evaluation of the fundus oculi. Neuroradiological signs acquire greater importance in patients who do not present papilloedema and may suggest the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Other assessments can be useful in the diagnostic process, such as optical coherence tomography, visual evoked potentials, ocular ultrasonography and fundus fluorescein angiography and autofluorescence. Nonetheless, cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurement is required to establish a definite diagnosis. Management may be different, since surgical procedures or lumbar punctures are often required when symptoms develop rapidly leading to a loss of visual function. Apart from these cases, patients can be treated with a pharmacological approach and low-calorie diet, but they also need to be monitored over time since relapses years later are not uncommon.

特发性颅内高压是一种神经系统综合征，由颅内压升高而无法检测到原因。病程和预后可能会发生变化，需要多学科方法进行诊断和管理。虽然其确切的发病机制仍然未知，但已经进行了许多研究来确定可能的病因和相关因素，例如类视黄醇、类固醇激素、体重指数和最近的体重增加、细胞因子和脂肪因子水平。临床表现多种多样，包括慢性头痛、视力障碍、复视和耳鸣。即使视乳头水肿被认为是最特异的体征，在眼底评估期间，也有超过 5% 的患者无法观察到视乳头水肿。神经放射学体征在没有出现视乳头水肿的患者中变得更加重要，并且可能提示特发性颅内高压的诊断。其他评估可用于诊断过程，例如光学相干断层扫描、视觉诱发电位、眼部超声检查和眼底荧光素血管造影和自发荧光。尽管如此，仍需要测量脑脊液压力来确定诊断。管理可能会有所不同，因为当症状迅速发展导致视觉功能丧失时，通常需要进行外科手术或腰椎穿刺。除了这些病例，患者可以通过药物治疗和低热量饮食进行治疗，但也需要随着时间的推移进行监测，因为多年后复发的情况并不少见。