Tamarixia triozae (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an important primary parasitoid of Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). This study aimed to unveil the parasitoid’s circadian rhythms and provide information for enhancement of its biological control. Most emergence occurred in the morning and most mating took place early next morning. Oviposition only occurred during the daytime, peaking between mid-morning and mid-afternoon while host feeding had three peaks in the early morning, late afternoon and dawn, respectively. We demonstrate that circadian activity peaks for different life functions did not overlap, suggesting that T. triozae have developed strategies for maximal fitness gain. These findings have implications in pest management, which can be tested under field conditions. For example, release of sexually mature and host-fed adults in the early morning may help achieve better control. Moreover, insecticide sprays, when necessary, may be applied as late in the evening as possible to reduce side effects on this parasitoid.

中文翻译：

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Tamarixia triozae，Bactericera cockerelli的重要寄生物：昼夜节律及其在害虫管理中的意义

Tamarixia triozae（Burks）（膜翅目：Eulophidae）是Bactericera cockerelli（Šulc）（Hemiptera：Triozidae）的重要原寄生生物。这项研究旨在揭示类寄生生物的昼夜节律，并为加强其生物学控制提供信息。大多数出苗发生在早晨，大多数交配发生在第二天清晨。产卵仅在白天发生，在早晨中午至下午中部达到高峰，而寄主喂养分别在清晨，下午和黎明出现三个高峰。我们证明了不同生活功能的昼夜节律活动峰值没有重叠，这表明三叶T已经开发出最大的健身增益策略。这些发现对有害生物管理有影响，可以在野外条件下进行测试。例如，在清晨释放性成熟和寄主喂养的成年人可能有助于实现更好的控制。此外，必要时可在深夜使用杀虫剂喷雾，以减少对该寄生虫的副作用。