Energy spent on thermoregulation and the opportunity for increased locomotive activity increases the energy requirements of outdoor relative to indoor housed sows, whilst their protein requirement most likely is comparable on a daily basis. The purpose of this study was to quantify the energy needed for maintenance, maternal retention, milk production, thermoregulation and increased locomotive activity in organic sows.

A total of 47 gilts (Landrace x Yorkshire; 190 kg at insemination) were reared outdoor under organic conditions for five months during winter. To study dietary effects of protein, gilts were fed one of two iso-energetic compound feeds, where dietary protein differed by 12%. Gilts had ad libitum access to grass clover silage and were fed similar amounts of metabolisable energy (ME) from compound feed equivalent to the energy recommendations for indoor sows + 15% in both groups.

Collection of plasma and urine was performed on d60 and d100 of gestation and plasma, urine and milk was collected on d5, d20 and d40 of lactation. On all collection days, sows and piglets (n=635) were weighed individually, sows were back fat scanned and heartrate and locomotive activity was registered with a tracking system. Sow body composition was estimated using the deuterium dilution technique.

Live weight and back fat thickness were not affected by the dietary protein level, neither was the number of total born, still born, piglet birth weight or piglet weight gain until weaning at seven weeks (14.5 kg).

There was no effect of protein level on locomotive activity. Milk yield peaked with 12.9 kg/d around d20. In total, 58% of the gross energy intake was associated with milk production at d20 including heat. Milk energy output was 69 MJ ME/d at peak lactation at d20. Sows fed the low protein compound feed had a lower milk yield from d20 to d40 as compared with control fed sows (8.0 vs.10.3 kg/d; P<0.05).

In conclusion, the daily feed intake was clearly insufficient in early lactation, and sows lost > 1 kg of body fat/d from d5-d20. The daily protein- and amino acid requirements were met during pregnancy, also when sows were fed the low protein compound feed, but the low protein diet supplied insufficient standardised ileal digestible lysine during lactation and this compromised the milk production. The total energy requirement of high yielding first parity outdoor sows during a mild winter was found to be ~ 68 MJ ME/d in gestation and ~153 MJ ME/d at peak lactation.

相较于室内饲养的母猪，花在温度调节上的能量和增加机车活动的机会增加了室外的能量需求，而它们的蛋白质需求很可能每天都是可比的。这项研究的目的是量化维持，维持母体，产奶，调节体温和增加有机母猪机车活动所需的能量。

冬季在有机条件下将总计47头母猪（Landrace x Yorkshire；受精时为190公斤）在室外饲养了五个月。为了研究蛋白质的饮食效果，给小母猪饲喂两种等能量复合饲料之一，其中日粮蛋白质相差12％。母猪可随意获得草三叶草青贮饲料，并从复合饲料中获得相似量的可代谢能量（ME），相当于两组室内建议的母猪能量+ 15％。

在妊娠的第60天和第100天收集血浆和尿液，在哺乳的第5天，第20天和第40天收集血浆，尿液和牛奶。在所有采集日，母猪和仔猪（n = 635）分别称重，对母猪进行背脂肪扫描，并通过追踪系统记录心率和机车活动。使用氘稀释技术估算母猪的身体组成。

活体重和背脂肪厚度不受日粮蛋白质水平的影响，直到出生七周（14.5 kg）断奶时，仔猪的总出生，仍然出生的数量，仔猪的出生体重或仔猪的体重增加也不受影响。

蛋白质水平对机车活动没有影响。大约20天时，牛奶产量达到12.9千克/天的峰值。总的来说，总能量摄入的58％与d20时的牛奶产量（包括热量）有关。在第20天的泌乳高峰期，牛奶的能量输出为69 MJ ME / d。与对照饲喂母猪相比，饲喂低蛋白复合饲料的母猪的产奶量在d20至d40较低（8.0 vs.10.3 kg / d；P <0.05）。

总之，在哺乳初期，每天的采食量显然不足，从d5-d20日开始，母猪每天的脂肪损失> 1 kg。怀孕期间每天的蛋白质和氨基酸需求都得到满足，当母猪饲喂低蛋白复合饲料时，但低蛋白饮食在哺乳期不能提供足够的标准化回肠可消化赖氨酸，这会影响牛奶的生产。在一个温和的冬季，高产的第一胎户外母猪的总能量需求在妊娠时约为〜68 MJ ME / d，在泌乳高峰期约为〜153 MJ ME / d。