Spermatogenesis is a complex and elaborate differentiation process and is critical for male fertility. The hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis serves as a significant neuroendocrine system to regulate spermatogenesis. As a constitute of the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, Sertoli cells promote spermatogenesis via protecting, nourishing, and supporting germ cells upon hormone determination. Here we clarified how the hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, including FSH, testosterone and LH, regulate spermatogenesis via the androgen receptor, cAMP/PKA, PI3k/Akt signaling pathways in Sertoli cells. Other endogenous hormones in higher vertebrates, including ouabain, estradiol, leptin, MIS, PGD₂, and thyroid hormone, also regulate spermatogenesis via the AR or cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Among them, the dynamics of adherens junctions, gap junctions, and blood–testis barrier, glucose uptake, lactate supply and differentiation of Sertoli cells are regulated by more comprehensive hormones and signaling pathways in Sertoli cells. In infertile patients or patients with blocked spermatogenesis, the AR, cAMP/PKA and PI3k/Akt signaling pathways and related components exhibit abnormal activity or disordered content. The clinical specimens from patients with testicular cancer show similar mutated AR genes. According to the existing clinical evidence, it is valuable to study the deep mechanism of male infertility and testicular tumors from the perspective of hormones and signaling pathways in Sertoli cells.

精子发生是一个复杂而复杂的分化过程，对男性的生育能力至关重要。下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴是调节精子发生的重要神经内分泌系统。作为下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的组成，支持激素的细胞通过确定荷尔蒙来保护，滋养和支持生殖细胞，从而促进精子发生。在这里，我们阐明了下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴中的激素（包括FSH，睾丸激素和LH）如何通过睾丸支持细胞中的雄激素受体，cAMP / PKA，PI3k / Akt信号通路调节精子发生。高等脊椎动物中的其他内源激素，包括哇巴因，雌二醇，瘦素，MIS，PGD ₂，以及甲状腺激素，也通过AR或cAMP / PKA信号通路调节精子发生。其中，黏附连接，间隙连接和血液-睾丸屏障的动态变化，葡萄糖的摄取，乳酸的供应和支持细胞的分化受支持细胞中更全面的激素和信号通路的调节。在不育患者或精子发生受阻的患者中，AR，cAMP / PKA和PI3k / Akt信号通路及相关成分表现出异常活性或内容紊乱。睾丸癌患者的临床标本显示相似的突变AR基因。根据现有的临床证据，从睾丸支持细胞中的激素和信号通路的角度研究男性不育和睾丸肿瘤的深层机制是有价值的。