The “German Darwin” Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) was a key figure during the first “Darwinian revolution“, a time when the foundations of the modern evolutionary theory were laid. It was Haeckel, who crucially contributed to the visualization of the Darwinian theory by designing “genealogical-trees” illustrating the evolution of various species, including humans. Although the idea of explaining human evolution by natural selection belongs to Darwin, Haeckel was the first who attempted to create a new exact anthropology based on the Darwinian method. Trying to immediately reconstruct human evolution proceeding from the description of modern populations led Haeckel to the views which, from the contemporary perspective, are definitely racist. Haeckel created racial anthropology intending to prove human origins from a lower organism, but without the intention of establishing a discriminatory racial praxis. Although hierarchical in its outcome, the Haeckelian method did not presuppose the necessity of a racial hierarchy of currently living humans. It is crucial to grasp in what sense Haeckel’s theoretical explorations in human evolution were racist, and in what sense they were not. Our argument flows as follows. One of Haeckel’s pupils was the Russian ethnographer, anthropologist and zoologist Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Miklucho-Maclay (1846–1888). Maclay and Haeckel worked closely together for several years; they traveled jointly and Maclay had enough time to learn the major methodological principles of Haeckel’s research. Yet in contrast to Haeckel, Maclay is regarded as one of the first scientific anti-racists, who came to anti-racist views using empirical field studies in Papua-New Guinea. We claim that while conducting these studies Maclay applied scientific principles to a significant extent acquired from Haeckel. The paper contributes to the view that Haeckel’s theoretical racism did not follow the Darwinian method he used.

中文翻译：

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Ernst Haeckel、Nikolai Miklucho-Maclay 和关于巴布亚人的种族争议。

“德国达尔文”恩斯特·海克尔（Ernst Haeckel，1834-1919）是第一次“达尔文革命”的关键人物，当时奠定了现代进化论的基础。海克尔通过设计“系谱树”来说明包括人类在内的各种物种的进化，为达尔文理论的可视化做出了重要贡献。虽然通过自然选择来解释人类进化的想法属于达尔文，但海克尔是第一个尝试基于达尔文方法创建新的精确人类学的人。试图从对现代人口的描述出发立即重建人类进化，导致海克尔得出从当代角度来看绝对是种族主义的观点。海克尔创造了种族人类学，旨在证明人类起源于低等生物体，但无意建立歧视性的种族实践。尽管在其结果中具有等级性，但海克尔方法并未预先假定当前活着的人类种族等级的必要性。掌握海克尔对人类进化的理论探索在何种意义上是种族主义的，以及在何种意义上不是种族主义是至关重要的。我们的论点如下。Haeckel 的学生之一是俄罗斯民族志学家、人类学家和动物学家 Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Miklucho-Maclay (1846–1888)。Maclay 和 Haeckel 密切合作了几年。他们一起旅行，麦克莱有足够的时间学习海克尔研究的主要方法论原则。然而，与海克尔相比，麦克莱被认为是最早的科学反种族主义者之一，谁通过巴布亚新几内亚的实证实地研究得出了反种族主义观点。我们声称，在进行这些研究时，Maclay 在很大程度上应用了从 Haeckel 获得的科学原理。这篇论文提出了这样一种观点，即海克尔的种族主义理论没有遵循他使用的达尔文方法。