ABSTRACT Energetic materials are often disposed by open-burning or open-detonation as it is a cost-effective and efficient means of destroying explosive material, and often minimizes the need to transport hazardous explosives to treatment facilities. This practice is often scrutinized for the negative environmental impact of the odorous and unsightly toxic gaseous emissions as well as the resulting deposition residues, which often contain unburned energetic materials. With the increasing use of Insensitive High Explosive compositions in munitions, it is essential that the potential environmental impact of their disposal is assessed before their extensive use to prevent the kind of contamination incidents experienced with legacy explosives. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a controlled laboratory experiment to identify the gaseous emissions and the energetic material residues that are generated through the combustion of the IHE components 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). A sealed vial containing small (mg) quantities of energetic material was heated until the energetic material combusted. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to calculate the oxygen consumption and to identify the gases that were generated. The solid residues were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify unburned energetic material. Results showed that DNAN was the most resistant to burning, thus leaving significant quantities of unreacted starting material in the vial. An interesting observation for the IHE formulation was that DNAN also inhibited the combustion of NTO and RDX. The gases emitted during the open burning of IHE components and mixtures included CO, CO2, and N2O as expected, but the proportions differed when the components and mixture were compared, reflecting the influence of DNAN on the burning behavior. From our data, we concluded that open-burning DNAN-based formulations is an environmentally unfavorable waste-management practice for the disposal of IHEs mainly due to generation of solid residues as well as unburnt DNAN. Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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评估含有 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)、2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) 和 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro- 1,3,5-三嗪 (RDX)

摘要 高能材料通常通过露天燃烧或露天爆炸进行处理，因为它是一种具有成本效益且高效的销毁爆炸材料的方法，并且通常可以最大限度地减少将危险爆炸物运输到处理设施的需要。这种做法经常受到审查，因为有气味和难看的有毒气体排放物以及由此产生的沉积残留物对环境的负面影响，这些残留物通常含有未燃烧的高能材料。随着在弹药中越来越多地使用不敏感的高爆炸药组合物，必须在广泛使用之前评估其处置的潜在环境影响，以防止遗留爆炸物所经历的那种污染事件。所以，这项工作的目的是开发一项受控实验室实验，以确定通过燃烧 IHE 组分 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) 产生的气体排放和高能材料残留物, 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚 (DNAN) 和 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)。将含有少量 (mg) 含能材料的密封小瓶加热直至含能材料燃烧。气相色谱/质谱 (GCMS) 用于计算耗氧量并确定产生的气体。固体残留物通过高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 进行分析，以量化未燃烧的含能材料。结果表明，DNAN 最耐燃烧，因此在小瓶中留下了大量未反应的起始材料。IHE 配方的一个有趣观察结果是 DNAN 还抑制了 NTO 和 RDX 的燃烧。IHE 组分和混合物在露天燃烧过程中排放的气体如预期的那样包括 CO、CO2 和 N2O，但在比较组分和混合物时比例不同，反映了 DNAN 对燃烧行为的影响。根据我们的数据，我们得出结论，露天燃烧基于 DNAN 的配方是一种对环境不利的废物管理实践，主要是由于产生固体残留物和未燃烧的 DNAN，因此处置 IHE。图形概要 但比较组分和混合物时的比例不同，反映了DNAN对燃烧行为的影响。根据我们的数据，我们得出结论，露天燃烧基于 DNAN 的配方是一种对环境不利的废物管理实践，主要是由于产生固体残留物和未燃烧的 DNAN，因此处置 IHE。图形概要 但当比较组分和混合物时，比例不同，反映了 DNAN 对燃烧行为的影响。根据我们的数据，我们得出结论，露天燃烧基于 DNAN 的配方是一种对环境不利的废物管理实践，主要是由于产生固体残留物和未燃烧的 DNAN，因此处置 IHE。图形概要