We measured a wide range of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) simultaneously at five sites over four seasons in 2009–2010 in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea. Target analytes included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and heavy metals (HMs). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence and spatiotemporal distributions of HAPs, and to identify important HAPs based on health risk assessment. Industrial emissions affected ambient levels of VOCs and HMs, as demonstrated by spatial distribution analysis. However, concentrations of PAHs and phthalates were relatively uniform at all sites. VOCs and HMs exhibited little seasonal variation, while formaldehyde increased in the summer due to its secondary formation. PAHs exhibited notable seasonal variation; higher in cold seasons and lower in warm seasons. Cumulative cancer risks imposed by 35 HAPs were 4.7 × 10⁻⁴ and 1.7 × 10⁻⁴ in industrial and residential areas, respectively. The top five major cancer risk drivers appeared to be formaldehyde, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, As, and Co. The sums of hazard quotients (HQ) derived by 47 HAPs were 10.0 (industrial) and 2.4 (residential). As the individual species, only two HAPs exceeded the HQ of 1, which are As (3.1) and Pb (2.1) in the industrial area. This study demonstrated the importance of a comprehensive monitoring and health risk assessment to prioritize potentially toxic pollutants in the ambient air of a large industrial city.

中文翻译：

---

韩国多工业城市蔚山的有害空气污染物的时空变化及其对健康的影响

我们在2009-2010年的四个季节内，在韩国最大的工业城市蔚山的五个地点同时测量了多种有害空气污染物（HAP）。目标分析物包括挥发性有机化合物（VOC），羰基化合物，多环芳烃（PAH），邻苯二甲酸盐和重金属（HM）。这项研究的目的是评估HAP的发生和时空分布，并根据健康风险评估确定重要的HAP。空间分布分析表明，工业排放影响了VOC和HM的环境水平。但是，PAHs和邻苯二甲酸酯的浓度在所有位置都相对均匀。VOC和HMs几乎没有季节性变化，而甲醛由于其次级形成而在夏季增加。PAHs表现出明显的季节性变化；在寒冷季节较高，而在温暖季节较低。35个HAP造成的累积癌症风险为4.7×10在工业和住宅区分别为⁻⁴和1.7×10 ^-4。排名前五位的主要癌症风险驱动因素似乎是甲醛，苯，苯并[a] py，As和Co。47个HAP得出的危险商（HQ）之和为10.0（工业）和2.4（居住）。作为单个物种，只有两个HAP超过了HQ 1，即工业领域中的As（3.1）和Pb（2.1）。这项研究表明，对大型工业城市的环境空气中的潜在有毒污染物进行优先排序的综合监控和健康风险评估的重要性。