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Control it and it is yours: Children's reasoning about the ownership of living things.
Cognition ( IF 4.011 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-25 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104319
Julia Espinosa 1 , Christina Starmans 1
Affiliation  

One of the hallmarks of ownership is the right to control one's property. Living beings thus pose an interesting puzzle for ownership, since they have some capacity to decide what happens to themselves—they can direct their own motion, pursue their own goals, and make their own decisions. Recent work has shown that adults consider this autonomy to be the key factor in determining whether a human (or human-like) being can be owned. However, little is known about how children reason about the ownership of living beings. Across three experiments we show that children (ages 4–7) use principles of control and autonomy to reason about the ownership of familiar and novel animals. At all ages tested, children were more likely to say that a typically wild animal (e.g., a bear) was owned if a homeowner had controlled its movements by putting it in a cage, rather than simply standing near it in their yard (Experiment 1). Children also used this cue of control to predict whether novel animals were owned (Experiment 2)—and for these unfamiliar animals, the effect of control was even larger. Finally, Experiment 3 found that children's judgments were not specifically driven by the use of a cage to control the animal, but also extended to animals that inherently had the ability to escape (e.g., fly or jump). These autonomous animals were judged as non-owned, while those that could not escape were judged as owned. The use of these principles was evident at all ages, but became stronger with age, particularly when considering novel animals. These are the first studies, to our knowledge, to investigate the development of reasoning about the ownership of animals, and they suggest that, like adults, children consider autonomy an essential factor in the ownership of living things.



中文翻译:

控制它,这是你的:孩子对生物所有权的推理。

所有权的标志之一就是控制自己财产的权利。因此,生物对所有权构成了一个有趣的难题,因为他们具有决定自己发生的事情的能力-他们可以指挥自己的动作,追求自己的目标并做出自己的决定。最近的工作表明,成年人认为这种自主权是确定一个人(或类人)是否可以拥有的关键因素。然而,关于儿童如何推理生物所有权的了解甚少。在三个实验中,我们表明儿童(4至7岁)使用控制和自主原则来推理出熟悉的和新颖的动物的所有权。在所有接受测试的年龄段,儿童更有可能说出一种典型的野生动物(例如,如果房主通过将其放在笼子里而不是简单地站在院子里靠近笼子来控制它的运动,则它是熊(实验1)。儿童还使用这种控制提示来预测是否拥有新动物(实验2),而对于这些陌生的动物,控制的效果甚至更大。最后,实验3发现,孩子的判断力不是通过使用笼子来控制动物来特别地驱动的,而是还扩展到了具有固有逃避能力(例如,飞或跳)的动物。这些自主动物被判定为非拥有,而那些无法逃脱的动物则被判定为拥有。这些原则的使用在所有年龄段都是显而易见的,但随着年龄的增长而增强,尤其是在考虑新颖的动物时。就我们所知,这是第一批研究,

更新日期:2020-05-25
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