The origin of the black hole (BH) binary mergers observed by LIGO-Virgo is still uncertain, as are the boundaries of the stellar BH mass function. Stellar evolution models predict a dearth of BHs both at masses ≳50 ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/2041-8205/895/1/L15/apjlab9093ieqn1.gif] {${M}_{\odot }$} and ≲5 ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/2041-8205/895/1/L15/apjlab9093ieqn2.gif] {${M}_{\odot }$} , thus leaving low- and high-mass gaps in the BH mass function. A natural way to form BHs of these masses is through mergers of neutron stars (NSs; for the low-mass gap) or lower-mass BHs (for the high-mass gap); the low- or high-mass-gap BH produced as a merger product can then be detected by LIGO-Virgo if it merges again with a new companion. We show that the evolution of a 2 + 2 quadruple system can naturally lead to BH mergers with component masses in the low- or high-mass gaps. In our scenario, the BH in the mass gap originates from ...

中文翻译：

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合并来自2 + 2四重系统的低质量和高质量间隙中的黑洞

LIGO-Virgo观察到的黑洞（BH）二元合并的起源仍然不确定，恒星BH质量函数的边界也是如此。恒星演化模型预测BH的数量均在50英镑以下## IMG ## [http://ej.iop.org/images/2041-8205/895/1/L15/apjlab9093ieqn1.gif] {$ {M} _ {\ odot} $}和≲5## IMG ## [http://ej.iop.org/images/2041-8205/895/1/L15/apjlab9093ieqn2.gif] {$ {M} _ {\ odot} $}，因此在BH质量函数中留下了低质量和高质量的缺口。形成这些质量的BH的自然方法是通过合并中子星（NSs；用于低质量间隙）或较低质量的BH（用于高质量间隙）；然后合并中子星。如果LIGO-Virgo与新的同伴再次合并，则可以将合并后生产的低质量或高质量BH检出。我们表明，2 + 2四重系统的演化自然会导致BH合并，其中低质量或高质量的缺口中的组分质量较高。在我们的方案中，质量差距中的BH源自...