Foraging opportunities are a key component of enrichment in captive nonhuman primates providing manipulative opportunities in which animals can engage in species-typical behaviors. Recent studies suggest captive NHP populations have increased body weight over time leading to negative health outcomes. Increasing food foraging opportunities provides added calories that can be estimated but often are not directly measured. We assessed 10 commonly used foraging puzzles for the amount of foraging material they held; evaluated the range of caloric content delivered; and determine the labor and usage cost of each. Five preparation areas were sampled. The amount of foraging material contained in each prepared puzzle was calculated by subtracting the average empty puzzle weight from the loaded puzzle weight. A detailed description of food content was used to illustrate caloric content. Larger prepared puzzles held more food (M=104.9 g) as compared to small volumes puzzles (M=59.8 g). Analysis of the weight of food applied and caloric content suggest larger puzzles do have the potential to provide increased caloric load; however, the added food from large foraging puzzles constitutes only 5%-10% of the daily k/cal dietary requirement. The study illustrates the importance of considering puzzle characteristics when selecting foraging toys and discusses the considerations of cost of puzzle deployment, maintenance and interactive benefit. The broad significance of our assessment suggests that calories from foraging opportunities are not excessive and can be managed by adopting standard serving sizes and scheduling intermittent presentation of non-nutritive enrichment options.

中文翻译：

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非人类灵长类动物觅食致富的热量：有关致富饮食后果的决策的数据和方法

觅食机会是圈养非人类灵长类动物富集的关键组成部分，提供了可操纵的机会，使动物可以从事典型的物种行为。最近的研究表明，圈养的NHP人群随着时间的推移体重增加，导致负面的健康后果。不断增加的觅食机会会增加卡路里，这些卡路里可以估算，但通常无法直接测量。我们评估了10个常用觅食难题的觅食材料数量。评估了所含热量的范围；并确定每个人的人工和使用成本。采样了五个准备区域。通过从装载的拼图重量中减去平均空拼图重量，可以计算出每个准备好的拼图中所包含的觅食材料的量。食物含量的详细描述用于说明热量含量。与小容量拼图（M = 59.8克）相比，准备较大的拼图可容纳更多食物（M = 104.9克）。对所食用食物的重量和热量含量的分析表明，较大的难题确实有可能增加热量的负荷。但是，大型觅食难题所增加的食物仅占每日k / cal饮食需求的5％-10％。该研究说明了在选择觅食玩具时考虑拼图特征的重要性，并讨论了拼图部署，维护和互动收益的成本方面的考虑。