Rosaceae (the rose family) is an economically important family that includes species prized for high-value fruits and ornamentals. The family also exhibits diverse fruit types, including drupe (peach), pome (apple), drupetum (raspberry), and achenetum (strawberry). Phylogenetic analysis and ancestral fruit-type reconstruction suggest independent evolutionary paths of multiple fleshy fruit types from dry fruits. A recent whole genome duplication in the Maleae/Pyreae tribe (with apple, pear, hawthorn, and close relatives; referred to as Maleae here) may have contributed to the evolution of pome fruit. MADS-box genes, known to regulate floral organ identity, are emerging as important regulators of fruit development. The differential competence of floral organs to respond to fertilization signals may explain the different abilities of floral organs to form fleshy fruit. Future comparative genomics and functional studies in closely related Rosaceae species with distinct fruit types will test hypotheses and provide insights into mechanisms of fleshy fruit diversity. These efforts will be facilitated by the wealth of genome data and resources in Rosaceae.

中文翻译：

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蔷薇科果肉多样性的发育机制

蔷薇科（玫瑰科）是一个重要的经济科，包括因高价值水果和观赏植物而备受推崇的物种。该家族还展示了多种水果类型，包括核果（桃）、梨果（苹果）、核果（覆盆子）和瘦果（草莓）。系统发育分析和祖先果实类型重建表明干果多种肉质果实类型的独立进化路径。Maleae/Pyreae 部落（有苹果、梨、山楂和近亲；在此称为 Malaeae）中最近的全基因组重复可能促成了梨果的进化。已知调节花器官特性的 MADS-box 基因正在成为果实发育的重要调节因子。花器官对受精信号反应的不同能力可以解释花器官形成肉质果实的不同能力。未来对具有不同果实类型的密切相关的蔷薇科物种进行比较基因组学和功能研究将检验假设并提供对肉质果实多样性机制的见解。这些努力将得益于蔷薇科丰富的基因组数据和资源。