C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently from ancestral C3 photosynthesis in a broad range of flowering land plant families and in both monocots and dicots. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis entails the recruitment of enzyme activities that are not involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation in C3 plants to photosynthesis. This requires a different regulation of gene expression as well as a different regulation of enzyme activities in comparison to the C3 context. Further, C4 photosynthesis relies on a distinct leaf anatomy that differs from that of C3, requiring a differential regulation of leaf development in C4. We summarize recent progress in the understanding of C4-specific features in evolution and metabolic regulation in the context of C4 photosynthesis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71 is April 29, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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C4光合作用的调控和进化

在广泛的开花陆生植物科以及单子叶植物和双子叶植物中，C4 光合作用独立于祖先的 C3 光合作用进化了多次。C4 光合作用的进化需要将不参与 C3 植物光合作用固碳的酶活性募集到光合作用中。与 C3 环境相比，这需要对基因表达的不同调节以及对酶活性的不同调节。此外，C4 光合作用依赖于不同于 C3 的独特叶片解剖结构，需要对 C4 中的叶片发育进行差异调节。我们总结了在 C4 光合作用背景下对进化和代谢调节中 C4 特异性特征的理解的最新进展。