Multifunctional landscapes optimise the benefits for stakeholders by providing multiple demanded ecosystem services (ESs) within the same area. Although previous studies have indicated human-induced trajectories of landscape pattern and ESs supply in the European Alps, relationships between these aspects and the implications for landscape multifunctionality are little studied. In this case study in the Austrian Alps, we revealed significant changes in landscape pattern, a significant decline in provisioning ESs and an increase in cultural and regulating ESs between 1860 and 2015. Overall, multifunctionality (i.e., the sum of ESs) decreased from 1860 to the middle of the twentieth century and increased afterwards. These changes in multifunctionality can be explained by climate- and human-induced changes in landscape composition, particularly by an increase in the diversity of land use/land cover (LULC) types and a decrease in glacier and unused grassland areas. Landscape composition has been altered by inhabitants as economic focus shifted from agriculture to tourism. Our findings improve the understanding of interlinkages between changes in socioeconomic characteristics, LULC, landscape patterns and multiple ESs. Moreover, we indicate the importance of low-intensity agricultural activities and landscape protection to enhance multifunctionality in tourism-oriented land use systems.

多功能景观通过在同一区域内提供多种需求的生态系统服务（ES）来优化利益相关者的利益。尽管以前的研究表明在欧洲阿尔卑斯山中人为引起的景观格局和生态系统供应轨迹，但是这些方面与景观多功能性之间的关系却鲜有研究。在此奥地利阿尔卑斯山的案例研究中，我们发现了1860年至2015年间景观格局的显着变化，供应ES的显着减少以及文化和法规ES的增加。总体而言，多功能性（即ES的总和）从1860年开始下降到二十世纪中叶，此后有所增加。这些多功能性的变化可以由气候和人为引起的景观组成变化来解释，特别是通过增加土地利用/土地覆被类型（LULC）类型的多样性以及减少冰川和未使用的草地面积来实现。随着经济重心从农业转向旅游业，居民的景观构成发生了变化。我们的发现提高了对社会经济特征，土地利用变化，土地利用，景观格局和多种生态系统之间的相互联系的理解。此外，我们指出了低强度的农业活动和景观保护对于增强旅游业用地系统的多功能性的重要性。我们的发现提高了对社会经济特征，土地利用变化，土地利用，景观格局和多种生态系统之间的相互联系的理解。此外，我们指出了低强度的农业活动和景观保护对于增强旅游业用地系统的多功能性的重要性。我们的发现提高了对社会经济特征，土地利用变化，土地利用，景观格局和多种生态系统之间的相互联系的理解。此外，我们指出了低强度的农业活动和景观保护对于增强旅游业用地系统的多功能性的重要性。