Petroleum hydrocarbons are applied in various energy activities. If accidents happen, they may result in environmental contamination, especially in soil. Petroleum hydrocarbons have low evaporation rates and are adsorbed on the soil surface, making it necessary to treat contaminated soil before the pollutants spread to other areas. Soil washing with surfactant solution is a method used to treat petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. The process relies on surfactant properties which reduce surface tension and desorb diesel from soil particles prior to flushing out with water. The relationship between efficiency of diesel extraction from contaminated soil and factors of both single surfactants (Span20, Tween20, Tween80, Dehydol LS9) and mixed surfactants (Span20+Tween20, Span20+Tween80, Span20+Dehydol LS9) were investigated including hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and interfacial tension (IFT) to select a suitable surfactant. Diesel was analyzed by GC-FID. Findings revealed that extraction efficiency significantly increased when the HLB of the surfactant increased in every solution pair (p = 0.05). Span20+Dehydol LS9 solution with HLB 12 showed the lowest IFT (17.767 ± 0.013 mN/m) and the highest diesel extraction efficiency (66.2%). The water washing process, repeated twice after washing with 1% (w/v) Span20+Dedydol LS9, resulted in less toxicity on germination and growth of tomato, rice, and green bean compared with diesel washing solution and fresh washing solution. Diesel-contaminated soil washing with mixed surfactant is an interesting alternative as an environmentally friendly soil treatment.

Graphical Abstract

石油烃用于各种能源活动。如果发生事故，可能会导致环境污染，特别是土壤污染。石油碳氢化合物的蒸发速率低，并被吸附在土壤表面，因此有必要在污染物扩散到其他地区之前对受污染的土壤进行处理。用表面活性剂溶液进行土壤洗涤是一种用于处理石油烃污染的方法。该方法依赖于表面活性剂性能，该性能降低表面张力并在用水冲洗之前从土壤颗粒中解吸柴油。从污染土壤中提取柴油的效率与单一表面活性剂（Span20，Tween20，Tween80，Dehydol LS9）和混合表面活性剂（Span20 + Tween20，Span20 + Tween80，研究了Span20 + Dehydol LS9），包括亲水亲脂平衡（HLB）和界面张力（IFT），以选择合适的表面活性剂。通过GC-FID分析柴油。研究结果表明，每对溶液中表面活性剂的HLB增加时，萃取效率会显着提高（p ＝  0.05 ）。具有HLB 12的Span20 + Dehydol LS9溶液显示出最低的IFT（17.767±0.013 mN / m）和最高的柴油提取效率（66.2％）。水洗过程在用1％（w / v）Span20 + Dedydol LS9洗涤后重复两次，与柴油洗涤液和新鲜洗涤液相比，对番茄，大米和绿豆的萌发和生长的毒性较小。混合表面活性剂的柴油污染的土壤洗涤是一种环保的土壤处理方法，是一种有趣的选择。

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