Cities act as biological filters on native biodiversity, selecting for traits allowing species to use urban resources, which may modify the phylogenetic structure and composition of biotic assemblages. Although many studies about urban filtering have included bird communities, few have focused on diverse and specialized groups, such as hummingbirds. Here, we investigate if: (1) the urbanization process may have modified the phylogenetic and phenotypic structure of regional hummingbird assemblages in five cities along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in central Mexico, and (2) hummingbird species in urban environments have been filtered through the selection of particular morphological traits. We measured eight morphological traits related to the ability of hummingbird species to use resources, three of which (wing chord, culmen and bill curvature) were retained for phenotypic analyses. We estimated phylogenetic (MPD, mean pairwise distance, and MNTD, mean nearest taxon distance) and phenotypic structure values (pMPD and pMNTD) in regional and urban hummingbird assemblages, which allowed us to assess significant phylogenetic structure and phenotypic similarity among coexisting species, respectively. We also calculated phylogenetic signal to determine if traits are labile or conserved. We performed generalized linear mixed-effect models and a classification and regression tree analysis to determine which traits explained species’ presence in urban environments. Our results showed that urbanization modified the phylogenetic structure from a random pattern in regional assemblages towards more overdispersed values in urban assemblages, while phenotypic structure values changed either towards clustering or overdispersion in the different cities. Regression tree analyses showed that traits related to body-size and bill culmen may influence the presence of different hummingbird species in cities. Our results show that the urbanization process may change the phylogenetic and phenotypic structure of hummingbird assemblages, favoring species with generalist morphologies (intermediate body-sizes and relatively longer bills).

中文翻译：

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来自墨西哥中部城市环境的蜂鸟的系统发育和表型过滤

城市充当本地生物多样性的生物过滤器，选择允许物种利用城市资源的特征，这可能会改变生物组合的系统发育结构和组成。尽管许多关于城市过滤的研究都包括鸟类群落，但很少有人关注多样化和专业化的群体，例如蜂鸟。在这里，我们调查是否：（1）城市化过程可能改变了墨西哥中部跨墨西哥火山带五个城市中区域蜂鸟组合的系统发育和表型结构，以及（2）城市环境中的蜂鸟物种已被过滤通过选择特定的形态特征。我们测量了与蜂鸟物种利用资源的能力相关的八个形态特征，其中三个（翼弦、culmen 和 bill 曲率）被保留用于表型分析。我们估计了区域和城市蜂鸟组合中的系统发育（MPD，平均成对距离和 MNTD，平均最近分类距离）和表型结构值（pMPD 和 pMNTD），这使我们能够评估共存物种之间的显着系统发育结构和表型相似性，分别. 我们还计算了系统发育信号以确定性状是不稳定的还是保守的。我们进行了广义线性混合效应模型以及分类和回归树分析，以确定哪些特征可以解释物种在城市环境中的存在。我们的结果表明，城市化将系统发育结构从区域组合中的随机模式修改为城市组合中更加分散的值，而表型结构值在不同城市向聚集或过度分散的方向变化。回归树分析表明，与体型和喙尖相关的特征可能会影响城市中不同蜂鸟物种的存在。我们的研究结果表明，城市化过程可能会改变蜂鸟组合的系统发育和表型结构，有利于具有通用形态的物种（中等体型和相对较长的喙）。