The combined use of chemicals and biological control is not always a successful strategy owing to the potential side effects on biocontrol agents. Lethal and sublethal effects of three commonly used insecticides were assessed on adult and immature stages of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Recommended field concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, phosalone and spinosad caused mortality on preimaginal stages by 24, 87, and 98%, respectively. Lethal effects on parasitoid adults exposed to the insecticide dry residues were estimated as median lethal concentrations (LC50) that were 13.28, 0.25, and 0.03 µg a.i. ml-1 for chlorantraniliprole, phosalone, and spinosad, respectively. The effect of a low lethal concentration (LC30) of the compounds was evaluated on various adult biological traits, such as longevity, fecundity, emergence rate and other life table parameters. All compounds caused detrimental effects on all the estimated demographical indexes. Chlorantraniliprole affected the net reproductive rate, mean generation time and doubling time in comparison to the control; while, phosalone and spinosad adversely affected all assessed parameters. Phosalone and spinosad significantly reduced gross reproductive rate, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, mean generation time and doubling time and reduced longevity, fecundity, emergence rate related to other biological parameters in comparison with control. The results suggest that all compounds are not fully compatible with the activity of T. brassicae, and that the inclusion of chlorantraniprole, spinosad and phosalone into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involving this parasitoid has to be avoided. Nevertheless, further studies in open field conditions and on a multiple generation scale are necessary for providing a more definitive conclusion on the IPM suitability of the three tested insectcides.

中文翻译：

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毒死ili，磷和多杀菌素对卵寄生性拟南芥中的副作用。

由于对生物防治剂的潜在副作用，化学药品和生物防治的结合使用并不总是成功的策略。评估了三种常用杀虫剂对卵寄生性拟南芥Trichogramma brasicae Bezdenko（膜翅目：Trichogrammatidae）的成虫和未成熟阶段的致死和亚致死作用。推荐的氯吡虫啉，膦酰苯砜和多杀菌素的现场浓度在成像前阶段分别导致死亡率24％，87％和98％。据估计，对杀虫剂干残留物的类寄生成虫的致死作用为：杀虫威，灭草灵和多杀菌素的中位致死浓度（LC50）分别为13.28、0.25和0.03 µg ai ml-1。评估了化合物的低致死浓度（LC30）对各种成人生物学特性的影响，例如寿命，繁殖力，出现率和其他生命表参数。所有化合物都对所有估计的人口统计指标造成不利影响。与对照相比，氯吡虫啉影响净生殖率，平均产生时间和倍增时间；同时，phosalone和spinosad对所有评估参数均产生不利影响。与对照相比，磷芥和多杀菌素显着降低了总生殖率，净生殖率，内在增长率，有限增长率，平均产生时间和倍增时间，并降低了寿命，繁殖力和与其他生物学参数有关的出苗率。结果表明，所有化合物均不与芸苔科的活性完全相容，并且含有氯虫腈，必须避免将多杀菌素和磷杂环戊烷纳入涉及这种寄生虫的病虫害综合防治（IPM）中。然而，在野外条件下和在多代规模上进行进一步的研究是必要的，以便对三种被测杀虫剂的IPM适用性提供更明确的结论。