Purpose of Review

Urologists are at significant risk due to radiation exposure (RE) from endourological procedures for stone disease. Many techniques described have shown a reduction of RE. The purpose of this article is to review available protocols to decrease RE during such procedures and provide tips and tricks for their implementation.

Recent Findings

Several low-radiation and radiation-free protocols for percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscopy have been described as an attempt to reduce RE during surgery. Beginning with specific checklists to ensure adequate C-arm usage, fluoroless procedures are based on endoscopic assessment, tactile guidance, and use of ultrasound to avoid fluoroscopy.

Summary

A specific preoperative checklist and low radiation or complete fluoroless radiation endourological procedures have shown to be effective, feasible, and safe. It is recommended for urologists to be aware of the risks of RE and apply the “ALARA” (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) protocols.

中文翻译：

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石材疾病的无氟内窥镜手术：文献提示和技巧的回顾。

审查目的

泌尿科医师由于结石疾病的内科学程序的辐射暴露（RE）而面临巨大风险。所描述的许多技术已经显示出RE的减少。本文的目的是回顾在这些过程中减少RE的可用协议，并提供实现这些协议的提示和技巧。

最近的发现

已经描述了几种用于经皮肾镜取石术和柔性输尿管镜检查的低辐射和无辐射方案，以减少手术中的RE。为了确保充分使用C臂，从特定的检查清单开始，无荧光程序是基于内窥镜评估，触觉指导和使用超声以避免荧光检查的。

概要

特定的术前检查清单和低辐射或完整的无氟辐射内窥镜检查程序已证明是有效，可行和安全的。建议泌尿科医师了解RE的风险，并采用“ ALARA”（尽可能合理地降低）方案。