Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able to sense and respond to changes in external environmental conditions and their internal state. Metabolic adaptation in response to altered nutrient availability is key to maintaining energy homeostasis and sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, environmental variables exert major influences on growth and final adult body size in animals. This developmental plasticity depends on adaptive responses to internal state and external cues that are essential for developmental processes. Genetic studies have shown that the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly to mammals, regulates its metabolism, growth, and behavior in response to the environment through several key hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, and steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing that various environmental cues and internal conditions are sensed in different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information to neuroendocrine centers that control insulin and steroid signaling. This review focuses on endocrine regulation of development, metabolism, and behavior in Drosophila, highlighting recent advances in the role of the neuroendocrine system as a signaling hub that integrates environmental inputs and drives adaptive responses.

中文翻译：

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果蝇的代谢和生长适应环境条件。

有机体通过调节其发育，新陈代谢和行为来适应不断变化的环境，以提高其生存和繁殖的机会。为了获得这种灵活性，生物必须能够感知并响应外部环境条件及其内部状态的变化。响应营养物可利用性的代谢适应是维持能量稳态和维持发育增长的关键。此外，环境变量对动物的生长和最终成年个体大小有重大影响。这种发育可塑性取决于对内部状态和外部线索的适应性反应，这对于发展过程至关重要。遗传研究表明，果蝇果蝇与哺乳动物类似，可调节果蝇的新陈代谢，生长，通过几种关键激素（包括胰岛素，具有胰高血糖素样功能的肽和类固醇激素）应对环境的行为。在这里，我们回顾了新兴证据，这些证据表明在不同器官中感知到各种环境提示和内部条件，这些器官通过器官间的交流将信息传递给控制胰岛素和类固醇信号传导的神经内分泌中心。这篇综述着重于果蝇内分泌发育，代谢和行为的调节，强调了神经内分泌系统作为整合环境输入并驱动适应性反应的信号枢纽的作用的最新进展。在这里，我们回顾了新兴证据，这些证据表明在不同器官中感知到各种环境提示和内部条件，这些器官通过器官间的交流将信息传递给控制胰岛素和类固醇信号传导的神经内分泌中心。这篇综述着重于果蝇内分泌发育，代谢和行为的调节，强调了神经内分泌系统作为整合环境输入并驱动适应性反应的信号枢纽的作用的最新进展。在这里，我们回顾了新兴证据，这些证据表明在不同器官中感知到各种环境提示和内部条件，这些器官通过器官间的交流将信息传递给控制胰岛素和类固醇信号传导的神经内分泌中心。这篇综述着重于果蝇内分泌发育，代谢和行为的调节，强调了神经内分泌系统作为整合环境输入并驱动适应性反应的信号枢纽的作用的最新进展。