In the present work, plain and zinc oxide-loaded almond shells were pyrolyzed in an indigenously manufactured pyrolysis system. The bio-oil produced as a result of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bio-oil produced from non-catalytic pyrolysis consists mainly of ethanol, acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester while bio-oil produced from catalytic pyrolysis consists of a large number of components ranging from C₅ to C₅₇. In order to study the kinetics of pyrolysis reaction, both the samples were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at heating rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min from room temperature to 600 °C. A four steps degradation was observed, i.e., the first weight loss refers to removal of water molecules, the second weight loss is due to decomposition of hemicellulose, the third weight loss is owed to degradation of cellulose, while the last one is attributed to decomposition of lignin. Kinetic parameters were determined applying Ozawa-Flynn-wall (OFW) and Coats-Redfern (CR) equations. Activation energy (Ea) and frequency factor (A) were observed to increase with increase in fraction conversion which shows complex mechanism of reaction. It has been concluded that zinc oxide proved to be an effective catalyst vis-à-vis decrease in activation energy and quality of bio-oil produced.

在目前的工作中，普通的和氧化锌负载的杏仁壳在本地制造的热解系统中被热解。使用气相色谱质谱法（GC-MS）对由于催化和非催化热解而产生的生物油进行了表征。非催化热解产生的生物油主要由乙醇，乙酸，1-羟基-2-丁酮和9-十八碳烯酸，甲基酯组成，而催化热解产生的生物油由多种成分组成，其范围从C ₅至C ₅₇。为了研究热解反应的动力学，两个样品均以5、10、15和20°C / min的速率从室温升至600°C进行热重分析（TGA）。观察到四个步骤的降解，即，第一重量损失是指除去水分子，第二重量损失是由于半纤维素的分解，第三重量损失是由于纤维素的降解，而最后一个重量是由于分解木质素 使用Ozawa-Flynn-wall（OFW）和Coats-Redfern（CR）方程确定动力学参数。活化能（Ea）和频率因子（A观察到）随着馏分转化率的增加而增加，这表明反应的机理复杂。已经得出结论，相对于活化能和生产的生物油的质量降低，氧化锌被证明是一种有效的催化剂。