A handful of studies have investigated sexually antagonistic constraints on achieving sex‐specific fitness optima, although exclusively through male‐genome‐limited evolution experiments. In this article, we established a female‐limited X chromosome evolution experiment, where we used an X chromosome balancer to enforce the inheritance of the X through the matriline, thus removing exposure to male selective constraints. This approach eliminates the effects of sexually antagonistic selection on the X chromosome, permitting evolution toward a single sex‐specific optimum. After multiple generations of selection, we found strong evidence that body size and development time had moved toward a female‐specific optimum, whereas reproductive fitness and locomotion activity remained unchanged. The changes in body size and development time are consistent with previous results, and suggest that the X chromosome is enriched for sexually antagonistic genetic variation controlling these particular traits. The lack of change in reproductive fitness and locomotion activity could be due to a number of mutually nonexclusive explanations, including a lack of sexually antagonistic variance on the X chromosome for those traits or confounding effects of the use of the balancer chromosome. This study is the first to employ female‐genome‐limited selection and adds to the understanding of the complexity of sexually antagonistic genetic variation.

中文翻译：

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通过雌性限制的 X 染色体进化使黑腹果蝇的复杂性状女性化

少数研究调查了实现性别特定健身最优的性对抗约束，尽管这些研究完全是通过男性基因组限制的进化实验。在本文中，我们建立了一个女性限制的 X 染色体进化实验，我们使用 X 染色体平衡器来强制 X 通过母系遗传，从而消除男性选择性约束的暴露。这种方法消除了性对抗选择对 X 染色体的影响，允许向单一性别特异性最佳进化。经过多代选择，我们发现强有力的证据表明，体型和发育时间已朝着女性特定的最佳状态移动，而生殖健康和运动活动保持不变。体型和发育时间的变化与之前的结果一致，表明 X 染色体富含控制这些特定特征的性对抗遗传变异。生殖健康和运动活动缺乏变化可能是由于许多相互非排他性的解释，包括 X 染色体上缺乏这些性状的性拮抗变异或使用平衡器染色体的混杂效应。这项研究是第一个采用女性基因组限制选择的研究，并增加了对性对抗遗传变异复杂性的理解。生殖健康和运动活动缺乏变化可能是由于许多相互非排他性的解释，包括 X 染色体上缺乏这些性状的性拮抗变异或使用平衡器染色体的混杂效应。这项研究是第一个采用女性基因组限制选择的研究，并增加了对性对抗遗传变异复杂性的理解。生殖健康和运动活动缺乏变化可能是由于许多相互非排他性的解释，包括 X 染色体上缺乏这些性状的性拮抗变异或使用平衡器染色体的混杂效应。这项研究是第一个采用女性基因组限制选择的研究，并增加了对性对抗遗传变异复杂性的理解。