Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the commonest presentations to emergency departments and is associated with seizures carrying different significance at different stages following injury. We describe the epidemiology of early and late seizures following TBI, the significance of intracranial haemorrhage of different types in the risk of later epilepsy and the gaps in current understanding of risk factors contributing to the risk of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). The delay from injury to epilepsy presents an opportunity to understand the mechanisms underlying changes in the brain and how they may reveal potential targets for anti-epileptogenic therapy. We review existing treatments, both medical and surgical and conclude that current research is not tailored to differentiate between PTE and other forms of focal epilepsy. Finally, we review the increasing understanding of the frequency and significance of dissociative seizures following mild TBI.

中文翻译：

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脑外伤后癫痫发作和癫痫的回顾。

创伤性脑损伤 (TBI) 是急诊科最常见的症状之一，与损伤后不同阶段具有不同意义的癫痫发作有关。我们描述了 TBI 后早期和晚期癫痫发作的流行病学、不同类型的颅内出血对后期癫痫风险的重要性以及目前对导致创伤后癫痫 (PTE) 风险的危险因素的认识差距。从损伤到癫痫的延迟为了解大脑变化的机制以及它们如何揭示抗癫痫治疗的潜在目标提供了机会。我们回顾了现有的药物和手术治疗方法，得出的结论是，当前的研究并不能区分 PTE 和其他形式的局灶性癫痫。最后，我们回顾了对轻度 TBI 后分离性癫痫发作的频率和意义的日益了解。