Salinity, a serious environmental pressure on crop production, might be counteracted by free-living and symbiotic inoculants entailing positive synergistic effects. Enhancement in nutrient uptake and/or production of antioxidants under the stress condition, can improve plant growth and yield. In this study, inoculation of Lallemantia iberica with Funneliformis mosseae and the sulfur solubilizing bacterium (Thiobacillus sp. T95 and T40) was evaluated under two salinity levels (6.72 dS/m and 0.91 dS/m as control). The root colonization, spore density, seed and biological yield, total soluble sugars, and nutrients were reduced by salt stress. Antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase), proline, contents of sodium and sulfur have increased under salt stress. The enzyme activities as well as the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur were dropped at the flowering stage (75 days after sowing). Seed and biological yield, antioxidant enzymes activity, proline content, and nutrients were significantly improved in mycorrhizal treatments. Inoculation of Thiobacillus exhibited the positive effect on root colonization, spore density, enzymes activity, and nutrients. Bacterial treatments (dual and single) significantly increased the sulfur and total soluble sugars. Totally, the mycorrhizal plants accumulated more enzymatically produced antioxidants, osmolytes, and showed improved nutrient uptake. Our results provide new insights into the relationship among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), biosulfur bacteria, and plant growth under saline conditions. In conclusion, the Lallemantia iberica inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, either alone, or in combination with Thiobacillus, is indicated for optimum plant yield through alleviation of the salinity stress.

中文翻译：

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菌根真菌与硫杆菌共接种提高盐胁迫下白蛉生理指标

盐度是作物生产的严重环境压力，可以通过具有积极协同效应的自由生活和共生接种剂来抵消。在胁迫条件下提高养分吸收和/或抗氧化剂的产生可以改善植物生长和产量。在这项研究中，在两种盐度水平（6.72 dS/m 和 0.91 dS/m 作为对照）下对 Lallemantia iberica 接种毛囊漏斗菌和硫溶解细菌（硫杆菌属 T95 和 T40）进行了评估。盐胁迫降低了根系定植、孢子密度、种子和生物产量、总可溶性糖和养分。抗氧化酶活性（过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶）、脯氨酸、钠和硫的含量在盐胁迫下增加。酶活性以及氮、磷、钾、钠和硫的浓度在开花期（播种后75天）下降。菌根处理显着提高了种子和生物产量、抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸含量和营养成分。接种硫杆菌对根系定植、孢子密度、酶活性和养分有积极影响。细菌处理（双重和单一）显着增加了硫和总可溶性糖。总的来说，菌根植物积累了更多的酶促产生的抗氧化剂、渗透剂，并显示出更好的养分吸收。我们的研究结果为了解丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF)、生物硫细菌和盐水条件下植物生长之间的关系提供了新的见解。综上所述，