Neurons release membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying proteins, nucleic acids, and other cargoes to mediate neuronal development, plasticity, inflammation, regeneration, and degeneration. Functional studies and therapeutic interventions into EV-dependent processes will require a deep understanding of how neuronal EVs are formed and released. However, unraveling EV biogenesis and trafficking mechanisms is challenging, since there are multiple pathways governing generation of different types of EVs, which overlap mechanistically with each other, as well as with intracellular endolysosomal trafficking pathways. Further, neurons present special considerations for EVs due to their extreme morphologies and specialization for membrane traffic. Here, we review recent work elucidating neuronal pathways that regulate EV biogenesis and release, with the goal of identifying directed strategies for experimental and therapeutic targeting of specific types of EVs.

中文翻译：

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神经元细胞外囊泡的生物发生和释放机制。

神经元释放携带蛋白质、核酸和其他物质的膜结合细胞外囊泡 (EV)，以介导神经元发育、可塑性、炎症、再生和退化。对 EV 依赖过程的功能研究和治疗干预将需要深入了解神经元 EV 的形成和释放方式。然而，阐明 EV 的生物发生和贩运机制具有挑战性，因为存在多种途径控制不同类型 EV 的产生，这些途径在机制上相互重叠，以及与细胞内溶酶体贩运途径重叠。此外，由于神经元的极端形态和膜交通的专业化，它们对 EV 提出了特殊的考虑。在这里，我们回顾了最近阐明调节 EV 生物发生和释放的神经通路的工作，