Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are among the most numerous and widely distributed pigments in land plants. Given that these pigments are the valuable compounds, as stress protectants and health-promoting components because of their potent antioxidant activity, several metabolic engineering approaches focusing on these compounds have been attempted. Currently, the difference in biological functions between flavonoid decorations is focused, because some aglycone decorations were found to be key factors rendering physiological functions against environmental stresses. Therefore, metabolic diversity and functional genomics approaches focusing on anthocyanin decoration should be reconsidered. Additionally, since the production of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in plants is often represented in a tissue-specific manner and by stress induction, elucidation of the specific regulatory mechanisms of how these pathways have been evolved, is highly important. Here, we review current knowledge of the diversity of chemical structure and regulators of anthocyanin/proanthocyanin biosynthesis with cross-species comparison to assess metabolic evolution.

中文翻译：

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陆地植物花色苷和原花色素生物合成的多样性。

花色苷和原花色素是陆地植物中数量最多且分布最广的颜料之一。鉴于这些颜料是有价值的化合物，由于它们具有强大的抗氧化活性，因此作为压力保护剂和促进健康的成分，已经尝试了几种针对这些化合物的代谢工程方法。目前，类黄酮装饰物之间的生物学功能差异受到关注，因为发现某些糖苷配基物装饰物是使生理功能抵抗环境胁迫的关键因素。因此，应重新考虑侧重于花色苷修饰的代谢多样性和功能基因组学方法。另外，由于植物中的花色苷和原花色素的产生通常以组织特异性方式和通过胁迫诱导来表示，阐明这些途径如何进化的特定调控机制非常重要。在这里，我们回顾了有关花青素/原花青素生物合成的化学结构和调节剂多样性的当前知识，并通过种间比较来评估代谢演变。