As a cell prepares to divide, its genetic material changes dramatically in both form and function. During interphase, a dynamic interplay between DNA compartmentalization and transcription functions to program cell identity. During mitosis, this purpose is put on hold and instead chromosomes function to facilitate their accurate segregation to daughter cells. Chromatin loops are rearranged, stacked, and compressed to form X-shaped chromosomes that are neatly aligned at the center of the mitotic spindle and ready to withstand the forces of anaphase. Many factors that contribute to mitotic chromosome assembly have now been identified, but how the plethora of molecular mechanisms operate in concert to give rise to the distinct form and physical properties of mitotic chromosomes at the cellular scale remains under active investigation. In this review, we discuss recent work that addresses a major challenge for the field: How to connect the molecular-level activities to large-scale changes in whole-chromosome architecture that determine mitotic chromosome size, shape, and function.

中文翻译：

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有丝分裂染色体的新兴特性。

当细胞准备分裂时，其遗传物质在形式和功能上都会发生巨大变化。在相间期期间，DNA间隔区和转录功能之间的动态相互作用可对细胞身份进行编程。在有丝分裂期间，该目的被搁置，而染色体起作用以促进它们精确地分离到子细胞。染色质环被重新排列，堆叠和压缩，以形成X形染色体，这些染色体在有丝分裂纺锤体的中心整齐地对齐，并可以承受后期的力。现在已经确定了许多促成有丝分裂染色体组装的因素，但是仍在积极研究中，过多的分子机制如何协同作用以在细胞规模上产生有丝分裂染色体的独特形式和物理特性。在这篇评论中