Quantification of intratumoral heterogeneity is essential for designing effective therapeutic strategies in the age of personalized medicine. In this study, we used a piezoelectric inkjet printer to enable analysis of intratumoral heterogeneity in a bladder cancer for the first time. Patient-derived tumor organoids were dissociated into single cell suspension and used as a bioink. The individual cells were precisely allocated into a microwell plate by drop-on-demand inkjet printing without any additive or treatment, followed by culturing into organoids for further analysis. The sizes and morphologies of the organoids were observed, so as the expression of proliferation and apoptotic markers. The tumor organoids also showed heterogeneous responses against chemotherapeutic agent. Further, we quantified mRNA expression levels of representative luminal and basal genes in both type of tumor organoids. These results verify the heterogeneous expression of various genes among individual...

中文翻译：

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使用喷墨打印的单细胞量化肿瘤内异质性。

肿瘤内异质性的量化对于设计个性化医学时代的有效治疗策略至关重要。在这项研究中，我们首次使用压电喷墨打印机来分析膀胱癌的肿瘤内异质性。将患者来源的肿瘤类器官分解为单细胞悬液，并用作生物墨水。通过按需滴注喷墨印刷将各个细胞精确地分配到微孔板中，无需任何添加剂或处理，然后培养到类器官中进行进一步分析。观察类器官的大小和形态，以观察增殖和凋亡标记物的表达。肿瘤类器官还显示出对化学治疗剂的异质反应。进一步，我们量化了两种类型的肿瘤类器官中代表性腔和基底基因的mRNA表达水平。这些结果验证了个体之间各种基因的异质表达。