Eukaryotic cells demonstrate two tightly linked vesicular transport systems, comprising intracellular vesicle transport and extracellular vesicle transport system. Intracellular transport vesicles can translocate biomolecules between compartments inside the cell, for example, proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Whereas, the secreted vesicles so-called extracellular vesicles facilitate the transport of biomolecules, for example, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids between cells. Vesicles can be formed during the process of endocytosis or/and autophagy and not only act as mediators of intra- and inter-cellular communication but also represent pathological conditions of cells or tissues. In this review, we searched articles in PubMed, published between 2000 and 2020, with following terms: autophagy, autophagocytosis, transport vesicles, lysosomes, endosomes, exocytosis, exosomes, alone or in different combinations. The biological functions that were selected based on relevancy to our topic include cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The searched literature shows that there is a high degree of synergies between exosome biogenesis and autophagy, which encompass endocytosis and endosomes, lysosomes, exocytosis and exosomes, autophagocytosis, autophagosomes and amphisomes. These transport systems not only maintain cellular homeostasis but also operate synergically against fluctuations in the external and internal environment such as during tumorigenesis and metastasis. Additionally, exosomal and autophagic proteins may serve as cancer diagnosis approaches. Exosomal and autophagy pathways play pivotal roles in homeostasis and metastasis of tumor cells. Understanding the crosstalk between endomembrane organelles and vesicular trafficking may expand our insight into cooperative functions of exosomal and autophagy pathways during disease progression and may help to develop effective therapies against lysosomal diseases including cancers and beyond.

中文翻译：

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外泌体和自噬通路在细胞稳态和肿瘤细胞转移中的协同作用。

真核细胞表现出两个紧密相连的囊泡转运系统，包括细胞内囊泡转运和细胞外囊泡转运系统。细胞内运输囊泡可以在细胞内的隔室之间转移生物分子，例如，将蛋白质从粗面内质网转移到高尔基体。然而，所谓的细胞外囊泡分泌的囊泡促进生物分子的运输，例如细胞之间的核酸、蛋白质和脂质。囊泡可以在内吞或/和自噬过程中形成，不仅充当细胞内和细胞间通讯的介质，而且代表细胞或组织的病理状况。在这篇综述中，我们在 PubMed 中搜索了 2000 年至 2020 年间发表的文章，使用以下术语：自噬、自噬、单独或以不同组合运输囊泡、溶酶体、内体、胞吐作用、外来体。根据与我们主题的相关性选择的生物学功能包括细胞稳态和肿瘤发生。检索文献表明，外泌体生物发生与自噬之间存在高度的协同作用，包括内吞作用和内体、溶酶体、胞吐作用和外泌体、自噬作用、自噬体和两性体。这些运输系统不仅维持细胞稳态，而且还协同运作以对抗外部和内部环境的波动，例如在肿瘤发生和转移期间。此外，外泌体和自噬蛋白可作为癌症诊断方法。外泌体和自噬通路在肿瘤细胞的稳态和转移中起关键作用。